Curable Formulations for Structural and Non-Structural Applications

ABSTRACT

According to some embodiments, a curable mixture configured to set in the presence of water, wherein the mixture comprises magnesium oxide, a primary cementitious component and at least one accelerant. A proportion by weight of the primary cementitious component is 80% to 120% of a proportion of magnesium oxide by weight.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.17/180,580 filed Feb. 19, 2021, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 17/006,426 filed Aug. 28, 2020, issued as U.S. Pat.No. 11,008,252, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.16/831,748 filed Mar. 26, 2020, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,759,697,which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No.62/938,307, filed Nov. 20, 2019, and U.S. Provisional Application No.62/859,741 filed Jun. 11, 2019, which is incorporated herein in itsentirety.

BACKGROUND Field

This application relates generally to mixes that are configured to setand cure in the presence of water, and more specifically, to mixescomprising magnesium oxide that can be used as substitutes to Portlandcement and other traditional cement formulations.

Description of the Related Art

Portland cement is the most common type of hydraulic binder used aroundthe world as a key ingredient of concrete, mortar, grout and the like.As a result of its prevalence and because its primary raw material islimestone and comprises a relatively high carbon content, themanufacture and use of Portland cement is associated with seriousenvironmental concerns. For example, the manufacture of Portland cementcontributes significantly to the world carbon dioxide emissions.Further, the high energy consumption required to mine, manufacture,transport and/or otherwise handle Portland cement has additionallyexacerbated environmental concerns. In addition, the use of Portlandcement formulations is associated with other disadvantages, including,among other things, the dangers associated with handling, preparing andusing such formulations, its exothermic output and associated potentialfor alkali burn injuries to workers and others who are exposed to it,and the like.

Although magnesium oxide (MgO) may be recognized as being capable ofinclusion in certain hydraulic binders, the use of MgO in specificformulations that include slag, certain accelerators and/or other fillerand additive materials is underappreciated. Prior attempts to use MgOcements have encountered numerous problems and other shortcomings,including, for example, difficulties in applications related to verticaland other structural build contexts (e.g., cracking, non-hydraulicperformance, inability to use with steel and other metals, etc.). Thepresent application discloses and claims various formulations thatcomprise MgO in combination with other materials to produce alterativecurable formulations to Portland cement and/or other currently-knownmixes (e.g., including mixes that may contain MgO) that provide reliableand sustainable alternatives for the construction industry and beyond.

SUMMARY

According to some embodiments, a curable mixture configured to set inthe presence of water comprises magnesium oxide and a primarycementitious component (e.g., slag cement, Class C fly ash, etc.),wherein a proportion by weight of slag is 80% to 120% of a proportion ofmagnesium oxide by weight of the mixture, wherein a sum of theproportions of magnesium oxide and the primary cementitious componentcomprises at least 15% by weight of the mixture, wherein the mixturedoes not include Portland cement or gypsum, wherein the 7-day strengthof the mixture once combined with water and permitted to cure is atleast 2000 psi (e.g., at least 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2500,3000-3500, 3500-4000 psi, greater than 4000 psi, etc.), and wherein the1-day strength of the mixture once combined with water and permitted tocure is at least 1000 psi (e.g., 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500,1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2000-2500, 2500-3000, greater than 3000psi, etc.). In some embodiments, the mixture does not include Portlandcement or gypsum.

According to some embodiments, the primary cementitious componentcomprises one or both of slag cement and Class C fly ash.

According to some embodiments, the sum of the proportions of magnesiumoxide and the primary cementitious component is 15% to 50% (e.g.,15%-50%, 15%-45%, 15-40%, 15%-35%, 20%-50%, 20%-45%, 20%-40%, 20%-35%,25%-50%, 25%-45%, 25%-40%, 25%-35%, 25%-30%, 30%-35%, values between theforegoing ranges, etc.) by weight of the mixture, and wherein theproportion by weight of the primary cementitious component is 90% to110% of the proportion of magnesium oxide by weight of the mixture.

According to some embodiments, the curable mixture comprises at leastone accelerant, wherein the at least one accelerant comprises at leastone of the following: magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate, andmagnesium sulfate.

According to some embodiments, a proportion by weight of the at leastone accelerant is 15% to 50% (e.g., 15%-50%, 15%-45%, 15-40%, 15%-35%,20%-50%, 20%-45%, 20%-40%, 20%-35%, 25%-50%, 25%-45%, 25%-40%, 25%-35%,25%-30%, 30%-35%, values between the foregoing ranges, etc.) of theproportion of magnesium oxide by weight of the mixture. In someembodiments, a final cured product resulting from combining the mixturewith water is suitable for long-term contact with reinforcing bar, mesh,steel and other materials susceptible to corrosion. In some embodiments,a pH of the final cured product resulting from combining the mixturewith water is greater than 8 (e.g., 8-9, 9-10, 10-11, 11-12, 12-13,8-13, 9-12, pH values between the foregoing ranges, etc.).

According to some embodiments, the at least one accelerant comprisesmagnesium chloride in the form of MgC₂.6H₂O or magnesium nitrate in theform of Mg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O, wherein a proportion by weight of MgC₂.6H₂O orMg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O is 1% to 30% (e.g., 0%, 0%-30%, 0%-25%, 0%-20%, 0%-15%,0%-10%, 0%-5%, 1%-30%, 1%-25%, 1%-20%, 1%-15%, 1%-10%, 1%-5%, 2%-30%,2%-25%, 2%-15%, 2%-12%, 2%-10%, 2%-8%, 2%-6%, 2%-5%, 2%-4%, 2%-3%,3%-30%, 3%, 25%, 3%, 15%, 3%-12%, 3%-10%, 3%-8%, 3%-6%, 3%-5%, 3%-4%,5%-30%, 5%-25%, 5%-20%, 5%-15%, 5%-12%, 5%-10%, 10%-30%, 10%-20%,15%-25%, 15%-30%, values between the foregoing ranges, etc.) of theproportion of magnesium oxide by weight of the mixture. In someembodiments, the at least one accelerant further comprises magnesiumsulfate in the form of MgSO₄.7H₂O, wherein a proportion by weight ofMgSO₄.7H₂O is 15% to 50% (e.g., 15%-50%, 15%-45%, 15-40%, 15%-35%,20%-50%, 20%-45%, 20%-40%, 20%-35%, 25%-50%, 25%-45%, 25%-40%, 25%-35%,25%-30%, 30%-35%, values between the foregoing ranges, etc.) of theproportion of magnesium oxide by weight of the mixture.

According to some embodiments, the at least one accelerant does notcomprise a phosphate-based material. In some embodiments, the at leastone accelerant comprises a phosphate-based accelerant, wherein aproportion by weight of the phosphate-based accelerant is 0.1% to 5% ofthe proportion of magnesium oxide by weight of the mixture.

According to some embodiments, the curable mixture further comprises atleast one accelerant, wherein the at least one accelerant comprisesmagnesium chloride in the form of MgC₂.6H₂O or magnesium nitrate in theform of Mg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O. In some embodiments, a proportion by weight ofMgC₂.6H₂O or Mg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O is 80% to 120% of the proportion of magnesiumoxide by weight of the mixture.

According to some embodiments, the curable mixture further comprises atleast one accelerant, wherein the at least one accelerant comprisesmagnesium sulfate in the form of MgSO₄.7H₂O. In some embodiments, aproportion by weight of MgSO₄.7H₂O is 90% to 140% of the proportion ofmagnesium oxide by weight of the mixture.

According to some embodiments, the sum of the proportions of magnesiumoxide and the primary cementitious component is 40% to 70% by weight ofthe mixture. In some embodiments, the proportion by weight of theprimary cementitious component is 90% to 110% of the proportion ofmagnesium oxide by weight of the mixture.

According to some embodiments, the curable mixture further comprises atleast one accelerant, wherein the at least one accelerant comprises atleast one of the following:

magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate, magnesium sulfate and sodiumhexametaphosphate.

According to some embodiments, a proportion by weight of the at leastone accelerant is 15% to 50% of the proportion of magnesium oxide byweight of the mixture. In some embodiments, a proportion by weight ofthe at least one accelerant is 80% to 145% of the proportion ofmagnesium oxide by weight of the mixture.

According to some embodiments, the 7-day strength of the mixture oncecombined with water and permitted to cure is at least 3000 psi. In someembodiments, the 7-day strength of the mixture once combined with waterand permitted to cure is at least 4000 psi.

According to some embodiments, the 1-day strength of the mixture oncecombined with water and permitted to cure is at least 1000 psi. In someembodiments, the 1-day strength of the mixture once combined with waterand permitted to cure is at least 2000 psi.

According to some embodiments, the mixture further comprises at leastone filler material or other additive, the at least one filler or otheradditive is selected from the following: pumice or other volcanic rockor material, sand, aggregate (e.g., fine aggregate, coarse aggregate,intermediate aggregate, other types of aggregate, etc.), talc, otherclay material, fibers (e.g., steel and/or other metallic fibers,polypropylene and/or other polymeric fibers, glass fibers, asbestosfibers, carbon fibers, organic fibers, etc.), glass fiber reinforcedplastic (GFRP), other reinforced polymers, admixtures or other additivesthat facilitate with fire protection, water protection, corrosionresistance/inhibition, workability, and/or one more other properties ofthe final cured product (e.g., MasterPel, RheoCell, MasterCell, etc.),sodium naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde (SNF) and/or othersurfactants, plasticizers, pigments, dyes and other color additives,titanium dioxide, other minerals, other natural or synthetic materials,other filler materials and/or the like.

According to some embodiments, a curable mixture configured to set inthe presence of water comprises magnesium oxide, a primary cementitiouscomponent (e.g., slag cement, Class C fly ash, etc.), wherein aproportion by weight of the primary cementitious component is 80% to120% of a proportion of magnesium oxide by weight of the mixture, and atleast one accelerant, wherein the at least one accelerant comprisesmagnesium chloride in the form of MgC₂.6H₂O or magnesium nitrate in theform of Mg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O. In some embodiments, a proportion by weight ofMgC₂.6H₂O or Mg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O is 80% to 120% of the proportion of magnesiumoxide by weight of the mixture. In some embodiments, the mixture doesnot include Portland cement or gypsum. In some embodiments, the 7-daystrength of the mixture once combined with water and permitted to cureis at least 3000 psi. In some embodiments, the 1-day strength of themixture once combined with water and permitted to cure is at least 1000psi.

According to some embodiments, any of the curable mixes and formulationsdisclosed herein can include four different components. A curable mix orformulation 10 can comprise (i) magnesium oxide (MgO), (ii) a primarycementitious component, (iii) an accelerant, and (iv) fillers and/orother additives. Such mixes and formulations can be combined with waterand/or other liquids and allowed to cure, thereby creating a cured finalproduct (e.g., structure, slab, etc.).

According to some embodiments, the curable mix or formulation caninclude equal or substantially equal portions (by weight of the dry mix)of MgO and the primary cementitious component. As noted above, theprimary cementitious component can comprise slag cement, Class C fly ashand/or any other material that has cementitious qualities (e.g., isconfigured to react with MgO and/or other components of the mix to formbinder).

For any of the mix or formulation embodiments disclosed herein, theproportions of MgO and primary cementitious component (e.g., slagcement, Class C fly ash, etc.) in the formulation (e.g., the dryformulation before any water and/or other liquid is added) can berelatively equal to one another. For example, the proportion of theprimary cementitious component by percentage of weight in the dry mix orformulation is 70% to 130% (e.g., 70%-130%, 80%-120%, 90%-110%,95%-105%, 98%-102%, 99%-101%, values between the foregoing ranges, etc.)of the proportion of MgO by percentage of weight in the dry mix orformulation.

In some embodiments, the formulation or mix can comprise a combined MgOand primary cementitious component content, as a percentage by weight ofthe dry formulation or mix, that is 40% to 80% (e.g., 40%-80%, 40%-75%,40%-70%, 40%-65%, 40%-60%, 40%-55%, 40%-50%, 40%-45%, 45%-80%, 45%-75%,45%-70%, 45%-65%, 45%-60%, 45%-55%, 45%-50%, 50%-80%, 50%-75%, 50%-70%,50%-65%, 50%-60%, 50%-55%, 55%-80%, 55%-75%, 55%-70%, 55%-65%, 55%-60%,60%-80%, 60%-75%, 60%-70%, 60%-65%, 65%-80%, 65%-75%, 65%-70%, 70%-80%,70%-75%, 75-80%, percentages between the foregoing ranges, etc.).

In other arrangements, the formulation or mix can comprise a combinedMgO and primary cementitious component content, as a percentage byweight of the dry formulation or mix, that is 10% to 50% (e.g., 10%-50%,10%-45%, 10%-40%, 10%-35%, 10%-30%, 10%-25%, 10%-20%, 10%-15%, 15%-50%,15%-45%, 15%-40%, 15%-35%, 15%-30%, 15%-25%, 15%-20%, 20%-50%, 20%-45%,20%-40%, 20%-35%, 20%-30%, 20%-25%, 25%-50%, 25%-45%, 25%-40%, 25%-35%,25%-30%, 30%-50%, 30%-45%, 30%-40%, 30%-35%, 35%-50%, 35%-45%, 35%-40%,40%-50%, 40%-45%, 45-50%, percentages between the foregoing ranges,etc.).

According to some embodiments, the sum of the proportions of magnesiumoxide and primary cementitious component (e.g., slag cement, Class C flyash) is 40% to 70% (e.g., 40%-70%, 50%-60%, 40%-60%, 40%-50%, 40%-45%,45%-50%, 45%-55%, 45%-60%, 45%-65%, 45%-70%, 50%-55%, 50%-65%, 50%-70%,55%-60%, 55%-65%, 55%-70%, 60%-65%, 60%-70%, other percentages betweenthe foregoing ranges, etc.) by weight of the mixture.

According to some embodiments, as illustrated in the figure, the curablemix or formulation 10 additionally comprises at least one accelerant. Insome embodiments, the accelerant comprises at least one of thefollowing: magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate and magnesium sulfate.In some embodiments, a proportion by weight of the at least oneaccelerant is 15% to 50% (e.g., 15%-50%, 15%-45%, 15-40%, 15%-35%,20%-50%, 20%-45%, 20%-40%, 20%-35%, 25%-50%, 25%-45%, 25%-40%, 25%-35%,25%-30%, 30%-35%, values between the foregoing ranges, etc.) of theproportion of magnesium oxide by weight of the mixture. In someembodiments, a final cured product resulting from combining the mixturewith water is suitable for long-term contact with reinforcing bar, mesh,steel and other materials susceptible to corrosion.

For any of the embodiments disclosed herein, the mixture is designed tonot include sodium hexametaphosphate. In some arrangements, the mixturedoes not include any sodium hexametaphosphate. In some embodiments, themixture does not include any phosphate or other phosphorus-basedmaterial

According to some embodiments, the at least one accelerant comprisesmagnesium chloride in the form of MgC₂.6H₂O or magnesium nitrate in theform of Mg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O, wherein a proportion by weight of MgC₂.6H₂O orMg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O is 2% to 30% (e.g., 2%-12%, 2%-10%, 2%-8%, 2%-6%, 2%-5%,2%-4%, 2%-3%, 3%-12%, 3%-10%, 3%-8%, 3%-6%, 3%-5%, 3%-4%, 5%-12%,5%-10%, 6%-10%, 6%-8%, values between the foregoing ranges, etc.) of theproportion of magnesium oxide by weight of the mixture, and the at leastone accelerant further comprises magnesium sulfate in the form ofMgSO₄.7H₂O, wherein a proportion by weight of MgSO₄.7H₂O is 15% to 50%(e.g., 15%-50%, 15%-45%, 15-40%, 15%-35%, 20%-50%, 20%-45%, 20%-40%,20%-35%, 25%-50%, 25%-45%, 25%-40%, 25%-35%, 25%-30%, 30%-35%, valuesbetween the foregoing ranges, etc.) of the proportion of magnesium oxideby weight of the mixture.

According to some embodiments, the accelerant does not comprise aphosphate-based material. In some embodiments, the accelerant comprisesa phosphate-based accelerant, wherein a proportion by weight of thephosphate-based accelerant is 0.1% to 5% (e.g., 0.1%-5%, 0.5%-5%, 1-5%,1.5%-5%, 2%-5%, 2%-4.5%, 2%-4%, 2%-3.5%, 2.5%-5%, 2.5-4.5%, 2.5%-4%,2.5%-3.5%, 2.5%-3%, 3%-3.5%, 3%-5%, 4%-5%, values between the foregoingranges, etc.) of the proportion of magnesium oxide by weight of themixture.

According to some embodiments, the accelerant comprises magnesiumchloride in the form of MgC₂.6H₂O or magnesium nitrate in the form ofMg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O, wherein a proportion by weight of MgC₂.6H₂O orMg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O is 80% to 120% (e.g., 80%-120%, 90%-110%, 95%-105%,98%-102%, 80%-100%, 85%100%, 90%-100%, 95%-100%, 80%-90%, 85%-95%,100%-120%, 100%-115%, 100%-110%, 100%-105%, 105%-115%, 105%-120%, valuesbetween the foregoing ranges, etc.) of the proportion of magnesium oxideby weight of the mixture.

According to some embodiments, the accelerant comprises magnesiumsulfate in the form of MgSO₄.7H₂O, wherein a proportion by weight ofMgSO₄.7H₂O is 90% to 140% (e.g., 90%-140%, 90%-130%, 90%-120%, 90%-110%,95%-105%, 98%-102%, 80%-100%, 85%-100%, 90%-100%, 95%-100%, 80%-90%,85%-95%, 100%-120%, 100%-115%, 100%-110%, 100%-105%, 105%-115%,105%-120%, 105-130%, 105-140%, values between the foregoing ranges,etc.) of the proportion of magnesium oxide by weight of the mixture.

According to some embodiments, the curable mix or formulation 10 canadditionally include one or more fillers and/or other additives.Possible fillers and/or other additives include, but are not limited to,non-cementitious slags (e.g., air-cooled slags), non-Class C fly ash(e.g., Class F fly ash), silica fume, nanosilica, fine silica glass,other silica-based materials, waste glass, ground glass, otherglass-containing materials, post-consumer materials, other wastematerials, fine aggregate, intermediate aggregate, coarse aggregate,other types of aggregate, pumice or other volcanic rock or material,sand, talc, other clay material, fibers (e.g., steel and/or othermetallic fibers, polypropylene and/or other polymeric fibers, glassfibers, asbestos fibers, carbon fibers, organic fibers, etc.), glassfiber reinforced plastic (GFRP), other reinforced polymers, admixturesor other additives that facilitate with fire protection, waterprotection, corrosion resistance/inhibition, workability, and/or onemore other properties of the final cured product (e.g., MasterPel,RheoCell, MasterCell, etc.), sodium naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde(SNF) and/or other surfactants, plasticizers, pigments, dyes and othercolor additives, titanium dioxide, other minerals, other natural orsynthetic materials, other filler materials and/or the like.

In some embodiments, the fillers and/or other additives are included toreact with the other components of the mix and/or to provide somebeneficial characteristic or property to the resulting paste (e.g., oncethe mix is combined with water) and/or the final cured product. Forexample, in some embodiments, such materials (e.g., air-cooled slags,other non-cementitious slags, Class F fly ash, other non-cementitiousfly ash, pozzolan, silica fume, etc.) can act to reduce the permeabilityof the resulting paste or cured product. In some embodiments, suchmaterials help plug or otherwise fill holes or other cavities in theresulting paste and cured product. According to some arrangements, mixesor formulations that include materials that provide one or more benefitsor other advantages to the resulting paste or cured product can bereferred to as ternary mixes. In some embodiments, the non-cementitiouscomponents included in a ternary mix satisfy the requirements of ASTMC595.

In some embodiments, fillers and/or other additives are included toprovide one or more other benefits and advantages, either in addition toor in lieu of reducing permeability. For instance, one or more additiveslisted above can facilitate with fire protection, water protection,corrosion resistance/inhibition, workability, and/or one more otherproperties of the final cured product.

In some embodiments, fillers such as aggregate (e.g., coarse aggregate,intermediate aggregate, fine aggregate, etc.), clay, pumice or othervolcanic rock or material, sand, talc, other clay material, etc. arethere merely as fillers. Such materials can provide the mix and theresulting paste and cured product with the desired or required densityand structural properties.

According to some embodiments, the dry mixes or formulations disclosedherein do not contain Portland Cement and/or gypsum. In someembodiments, the pH of the mix (e.g., dry mix) and/or the resultingpaste and cured product is 8 to 11 (e.g., 8-11, 8-10, 8-9, 9-11, 9-10,8.5, 9.5, 8-9.5, 8.5-11. 8.5-10, ranges between the foregoing values,etc.). In some arrangements, the pH of the mix (e.g., dry mix) and/orthe resulting paste and cured product is 10 or above (e.g., 10, 11, 12,13, 10 to 11, 11 to 12, 12 to 13, above 13, 10 to 14, 10 to 13, 10 to12, 11 to 14, 11 to 13, 12 to 14, pH values between the foregoing rangesor values, etc.). Thus, in some embodiments, the mixes are suitable tobe used for applications that include rebar or other types ofreinforcing metals.

According to some embodiments, one or more characteristics or properties(e.g., structural, physical, etc.) of the paste or cured productresulting from using the various mixes and formulations disclosed hereinare similar (and/or even better or more preferred) than correspondingcharacteristics or properties of cured Portland cement mixes andformulations. For example, a curable paste that results from combiningany of the mixtures disclosed herein with water comprises a density thatis equal or substantially equal to the density of Portland cementpastes. In some embodiments, the density of the curable paste is 80% to120% of the density of Portland cement pastes.

Further, according to some embodiments, a curable paste that resultsfrom combining any of the mixtures disclosed herein with water comprisesa rate of leaching that is equal to substantially equal to a rate ofleaching of Portland cement pastes. In some embodiments, the rate ofleaching of the curable paste is 80% to 120% of the rate of leaching ofPortland cement pastes.

In addition, according to some embodiments, a curable paste that resultsfrom combining any of the mixtures disclosed herein with water comprisesa Poisson's Ratio that is equal to substantially equal to Poisson'sRatio of Portland cement pastes. In some embodiments, the Poisson'sRatio of the curable paste is 70% to 150% (e.g., 70%-150%, 70%-140%,70%-130%, 70%-120%, 70%-110%, 70%-100%, 70%-90%, 70%-80%, 80%-150%,80%-140%, 80%-130%, 80%-120%, 80%-110%, 80%-100%, 80%-90%, 90%-150%,90%-140%, 90%-130%, 20 90%-120%, 90%-110%, 90%-100%, 100%-150%,100%-140%, 100%-130%, 100%-120%, 100%-110%, 110%-150%, 110%-140%,110%-130%, 110%-120%, 120%-150%, 120%-140%, 120%-130%, 130%-150%,130%-140%, 140%-150%, 95%-105%, 85%-115%, 75%-125%, percentages betweenthe foregoing ranges, etc.) of the Poisson's ratio of Portland cementpastes. In some embodiments, the Poission's Ratio of a curable pastethat results from combining any of the mixtures disclosed herein withwater is 0.15 to 0.30 (e.g., 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.20, 0.21,0.22, 0.23, 0.24, 0.25, 0.15-0.25, 0.15-0.20, 0.25-0.30, 0.20-0.25,0.20-0.27, 0.20-0.30, values between the foregoing values and ranges,etc.).

Also, according to some embodiments, a curable paste that results fromcombining any of the mixtures disclosed herein with water comprises amodulus of elasticity that is equal to substantially equal to themodulus of elasticity of Portland cement pastes. According to someembodiments, a curable paste that results from combining any of themixtures disclosed herein with water comprises a modulus of elasticitythat is equal to substantially equal to the modulus of elasticity ofPortland cement pastes. In some embodiments, the modulus of elasticityof the curable paste is 50% to 200% (e.g., 50-200, 50-190, 50-180,50-170, 50-160, 50-150, 50-140, 50-130, 50-120, 50-110, 50-100, 50-90,50-80, 50-70, 50-60, 60-200, 60-190, 60-180, 60-170, 60-160, 60-150,60-140, 60-130, 60-120, 60-110, 60-100, 60-90, 60-80, 60-70, 70-200,70-190, 70-180, 70-170, 70-160, 70-150, 70-140, 70-130, 70-120, 70-110,70-100, 70-90, 70-80, 80-200, 80-190, 80-180, 80-170, 80-160, 80-150,80-140, 80-130, 80-120, 80-110, 80-100, 80-90, 90-200, 90-190, 90-180,90-170, 90-160, 90-150, 90-140, 90-130, 90-120, 90-110, 90-100, 100-200,100-190, 100-180, 100-170, 100-160, 100-150, 100-140, 100-130, 100-120,100-110, 110-200, 110-190, 110-180, 110-170, 110-160, 110-150, 110-140,110-130, 110-120, 120-200, 120-190, 120-180, 120-170, 120-160, 120-150,120-140, 120-130, 130-200, 130-190, 130-180, 130-170, 130-160, 130-150,130-140, 140-200, 140-190, 140-180, 140-170, 140-160, 140-150, 150-200,150-190, 150-180, 150-170, 150-160, 160-200, 160-190, 160-180, 160-170,170-200, 170-190, 170-180, 180-200, 180-190, 190-200, 95-105, 85-115,75-125, 65-135, 55-145, values between the foregoing values and ranges,etc.) of the modulus of elasticity of Portland cement pastes. In someembodiments, the modulus of elasticity of a curable paste that resultsfrom combining any of the mixtures disclosed herein with water is 3(10⁶)to 5(10⁶) (e.g., 3(10⁶) to 5(10⁶), 3.0(10⁶) to 3.5(10⁶), 3.5(10⁶) to4.0(10⁶), 4.0(10⁶) to 4.5(10⁶), 4.5(10⁶) to 5.0(10⁶), 3(106) to 4(10⁶),3.0(10⁶) to 4.5(10⁶), 3.5(10⁶) to 5.0(10⁶), 3.5(10⁶) to 4.5(10⁶),3.0(10⁶), 3.1(10⁶), 3.2(10⁶), 3.3(10⁶), 3.4(10⁶), 3.5(10⁶), 3.6(10⁶),3.7(10⁶), 3.8(10⁶), 3.9(10⁶), 4.0(10⁶), 4.1(10⁶), 4.2(10⁶), 4.3(10⁶),4.4(10⁶), 4.5(10⁶), 4.6(10⁶), 4.7(10⁶), 4.8(10⁶), 4.9(10⁶), 5.0(10⁶)psi, values between the foregoing values and ranges, etc.) psi.

As noted herein, the formulations or mixes disclosed herein, orequivalents thereof, can be used in one or more of the followingnon-limiting applications, industries and/or contexts:

building construction both residential and commercial (e.g., used incolumns, beams and other load-bearing members), walls and otherconstruction panels (e.g., including non-load bearing members),airports, dams, levees, bridges, tunnels, harbors, refineries and otherindustrial sites, parking structures, roadways, tile and other flooring,sidewalks, pipes, channels, countertops and/or the like. Depending onfinal cured product's ability to not damage steel or other metals, oneor more of formulations or mixes are suitable for use in applicationstensile reinforcement is desired or required (e.g., to prevent or reducethe likelihood of cracking, breaking and/or other compromisingoccurrence to the cured product).

According to some embodiments, the 7-day strength of the mixture oncecombined with water and permitted to cure is at least 2000 psi (e.g.,2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2500, 2600, 2700, 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100,3200, 3300, 3400, 3500, 3600, 3700, 3800, 3900, 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500psi, greater than 5500 psi, etc.). In some arrangements, the 1-daystrength of the mixture once combined with water and permitted to cureis at least 1000 psi (e.g., 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600,1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, psi, greater than4500 psi, etc.).

According to some embodiments, a curable mixture configured to set inthe presence of water, wherein the mixture comprises magnesium oxide, aprimary cementitious component (e.g., slag cement, Class C fly ash) andat least one accelerant. A proportion by weight of slag is 80% to 120%of a proportion of magnesium oxide by weight of the mixture.

According to some embodiments, a curable mixture configured to set inthe presence of water comprises magnesium oxide and slag, wherein aproportion by weight of a primary cementitious component (e.g., slagcement, Class C fly ash, etc.) is 80% to 120% (e.g., 80%-120%, 90%-110%,95%-105%, 98%-102%, 80%-100%, 85%100%, 90%-100%, 95%-100%, 80%-90%,85%-95%, 100%-120%, 100%-115%, 100%-110%, 100%-105%, 105%-115%,105%-120%, values between the foregoing ranges, etc.) of a proportion ofmagnesium oxide by weight of the mixture, wherein a sum of theproportions of magnesium oxide and the primary cementitious componentcomprises at least 40% (e.g., at least 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%,greater than 65%, etc.) by weight of the mixture, wherein the 7-daystrength of the mixture once combined with water and permitted to cureis at least 2000 psi (e.g., 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2500, 2600,2700, 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100, 3200, 3300, 3400, 3500, 3600, 3700, 3800,3900, 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500 psi, greater than 5500 psi, etc.), andwherein the 1-day strength of the mixture once combined with water andpermitted to cure is at least 1000 psi (e.g., 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300,1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500,psi, greater than 4500 psi, etc.). In some embodiments, the mixture doesnot include Portland cement. In some embodiments, the mixture does notinclude Portland cement or gypsum.

According to some embodiments, the sum of the proportions of magnesiumoxide and primary cementitious component is 35% to 70% (e.g., 35%-70%,35%-40%, 35%-45%, 35%-50%, 35%-55%, 35%-60%, 35%-65%, 40%-70%, 50%-60%,40%-60%, 40%-50%, 40%-45%, 45%-50%, 45%-55%, 45%-60%, 45%-65%, 45%-70%,50%-55%, 50%-65%, 50%-70%, 55%-60%, 55%-65%, 55%-70%, 60%-65%, 60%-70%,other percentages between the foregoing ranges, etc.) by weight of themixture, and wherein the proportion by weight of slag is 95% to 105%(e.g., 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%, 101%, 102%, 103%, 104%, 105%,95%-105%, 96%-104%, 97%-103%, 98%-102%, 99%-101%, other percentagesbetween the foregoing ranges, etc.) of the proportion of magnesium oxideby weight of the mixture.

According to some embodiments, the mixture additionally comprises atleast one accelerant, wherein the at least one accelerant comprises atleast one of the following: magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate,magnesium sulfate and sodium hexametaphosphate. In some embodiments, aproportion by weight of the at least one accelerant is 15% to 50% (e.g.,15%-50%, 15%-45%, 15-40%, 15%-35%, 20%-50%, 20%-45%, 20%-40%, 20%-35%,25%-50%, 25%-45%, 25%-40%, 25%-35%, 25%-30%, 30%-35%, values between theforegoing ranges, etc.) of the proportion of magnesium oxide by weightof the mixture. In some embodiments, a final cured product resultingfrom combining the mixture with water is suitable for long-term contactwith reinforcing bar, mesh, steel and other materials susceptible tocorrosion.

For any of the embodiments disclosed herein, the mixture is designed tonot include sodium hexametaphosphate. In some arrangements, the mixturedoes not include any sodium hexametaphosphate. In some embodiments, themixture does not include any phosphate or phosphorus-based material.

According to some embodiments, the at least one accelerant comprisesmagnesium chloride in the form of MgC₂.6H₂O or magnesium nitrate in theform of Mg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O, wherein a proportion by weight of MgC₂.6H₂O orMg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O is 2% to 30% (e.g., 2%-12%, 2%-10%, 2%-8%, 2%-6%, 2%-5%,2%-4%, 2%-3%, 3%-12%, 3%-10%, 3%-8%, 3%-6%, 3%-5%, 3%-4%, 5%-12%,5%-10%, 6%-10%, 6%-8%, values between the foregoing ranges, etc.) of theproportion of magnesium oxide by weight of the mixture, and the at leastone accelerant further comprises magnesium sulfate in the form ofMgSO₄.7H₂O, wherein a proportion by weight of MgSO₄.7H₂O is 15% to 50%(e.g., 15%-50%, 15%-45%, 15-40%, 15%-35%, 20%-50%, 20%-45%, 20%-40%,20%-35%, 25%-50%, 25%-45%, 25%-40%, 25%-35%, 25%-30%, 30%-35%, valuesbetween the foregoing ranges, etc.) of the proportion of magnesium oxideby weight of the mixture.

According to some embodiments, the at least one accelerant does notcomprise a phosphate-based material. In some embodiments, the at leastone accelerant comprises a phosphate-based accelerant, wherein aproportion by weight of the phosphate-based accelerant is 0.1% to 5%(e.g., 0.1%-5%, 0.5%-5%, 1-5%, 1.5%-5%, 2%-5%, 2%-4.5%, 2%-4%, 2%-3.5%,2.5%-5%, 2.5-4.5%, 2.5%-4%, 2.5%-3.5%, 2.5%-3%, 3%-3.5%, 3%-5%, 4%-5%,values between the foregoing ranges, etc.) of the proportion ofmagnesium oxide by weight of the mixture.

According to some embodiments, the mixture additionally comprises atleast one accelerant, wherein the at least one accelerant comprisesmagnesium chloride in the form of MgC₂.6H₂O or magnesium nitrate in theform of Mg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O, wherein a proportion by weight of MgC₂.6H₂O orMg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O is 80% to 120% (e.g., 80%-120%, 90%-110%, 95%-105%,98%-102%, 80%-100%, 85%100%, 90%-100%, 95%-100%, 80%-90%, 85%-95%,100%-120%, 100%-115%, 100%-110%, 100%-105%, 105%-115%, 105%-120%, valuesbetween the foregoing ranges, etc.) of the proportion of magnesium oxideby weight of the mixture.

According to some embodiments, the mixture further comprises at leastone accelerant, wherein the at least one accelerant comprises magnesiumsulfate in the form of MgSO₄.7H₂O, wherein a proportion by weight ofMgSO₄.7H₂O is 90% to 140% (e.g., 90%-140%, 90%-130%, 90%-120%, 90%-110%,95%-105%, 98%-102%, 80%-100%, 85%-100%, 90%-100%, 95%-100%, 80%-90%,85%-95%, 100%-120%, 100%-115%, 100%-110%, 100%-105%, 105%-115%,105%-120%, 105-130%, 105-140%, values between the foregoing ranges,etc.) of the proportion of magnesium oxide by weight of the mixture.

According to some embodiments, the sum of the proportions of magnesiumoxide and slag is 40% to 70% (e.g., 40%-70%, 50%-60%, 40%-60%, 40%-50%,40%-45%, 45%-50%, 45%-55%, 45%-60%, 45%-65%, 45%-70%, 50%-55%, 50%-65%,50%-70%, 55%-60%, 55 %-65%, 55%-70%, 60%-65%, 60%-70%, other percentagesbetween the foregoing ranges, etc.) by weight of the mixture.

According to some embodiments, the proportion by weight of the primarycementitious component (e.g., slag cement, Class C fly ash) is 95% to105% (e.g., 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%, 101%, 102%, 103%, 104%, 105%,95%-105%, 96%-104%, 97%-103%, 98%-102%, 99%-101%, other percentagesbetween the foregoing ranges, etc.) of the proportion of magnesium oxideby weight of the mixture.

According to some embodiments, the mixture further comprises at leastone accelerant, wherein the at least one accelerant comprises at leastone of the following: magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate, magnesiumsulfate and sodium hexametaphosphate.

According to some embodiments, a proportion by weight of the at leastone accelerant is 15% to 50% (e.g., 15%-50%, 15%-45%, 15-40%, 15%-35%,20%-50%, 20%-45%, 20%-40%, 20%-35%, 25%-50%, 25%-45%, 25%-40%, 25%-35%,25%-30%, 30%-35%, values between the foregoing ranges, etc.) of theproportion of magnesium oxide by weight of the mixture.

According to some embodiments, a proportion by weight of the at leastone accelerant is 80% to 145% (e.g., 80%-145%, 80%-140%, 80%-130%,80%-120%, 80%-110%, 85%-145%, 85%-140%, 85%-130%, 85%-120%, 85%-110%,90%-145%, 90%-140%, 90%-130%, 90%-120%, 90%-110%, 95%-105%, 98%-102%,80%-100%, 85%-100%, 90%-100%, 95%-100%, 80%-90%, 85%-95%, 100%-120%,100%-115%, 100%-110%, 100%-105%, 105%-115%, 20 105%-120%, 105-130%,105-140%, 105%-145%, values between the foregoing ranges, etc.) of theproportion of magnesium oxide by weight of the mixture.

According to some embodiments, 7-day strength of the mixture oncecombined with water and permitted to cure is at least 3000, 3100, 3200,3300, 3400, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000 psi, values between the foregoing,greater than 5000 psi, etc.).

According to some embodiments, 1-day strength of the mixture oncecombined with water and permitted to cure is at least 1000, 1100, 1200,1300, 1400, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000 psi, values between theforegoing, greater than 4000 psi, etc.).

According to some embodiments, the mixture further comprises at leastone filler material or other additive, the at least one filler or otheradditive is selected from the following: pumice or other volcanic rockor material, sand, aggregate (e.g., fine aggregate, coarse aggregate,intermediate aggregate, other types of aggregate, etc.), talc, otherclay material, fibers (e.g., steel and/or other metallic fibers,polypropylene and/or other polymeric fibers, glass fibers, asbestosfibers, carbon fibers, organic fibers, etc.), glass fiber reinforcedplastic (GFRP), other reinforced polymers, admixtures or other additivesthat facilitate with fire protection, water protection, corrosionresistance/inhibition, workability, and/or one more other properties ofthe final cured product (e.g., MasterPel, RheoCell, MasterCell, etc.),sodium naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde (SNF) and/or othersurfactants, plasticizers, pigments, dyes and other color additives,titanium dioxide, other minerals, other natural or synthetic materials,other filler materials and/or the like.

According to some embodiments, a curable mixture configured to set inthe presence of water comprises magnesium oxide, a primary cementitiouscomponent (e.g., slag cement, Class C fly ash), wherein a proportion byweight of slag is 80% to 120% (e.g., 80%-120%, 90%-110%, 95%-105%,98%-102%, 80%-100%, 85%100%, 90%-100%, 95%-100%, 80%-90%, 85%-95%,100%-120%, 100%-115%, 100%-110%, 100%-105%, 105%-115%, 105%-120%, valuesbetween the foregoing ranges, etc.) of a proportion of magnesium oxideby weight of the mixture, and at least one accelerant, wherein the atleast one accelerant comprises magnesium chloride in the form ofMgC₂.6H₂O or magnesium nitrate in the form of Mg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O, wherein aproportion by weight of MgC₂.6H₂O or Mg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O is 80% to 120% (e.g.,80%-120%, 90%-110%, 95%-105%, 98%-102%, 80%-100%, 85%100%, 90%-100%,95%-100%, 80%-90%, 85%-95%, 100%-120%, 100%-115%, 100%-110%, 100%-105%,105%-115%, 105%-120%, values between the foregoing ranges, etc.) of theproportion of magnesium oxide by weight of the mixture. In someembodiments, the mixture does not comprise Portland cement. In someembodiments, the mixture does not comprise Portland cement or gypsum. Insome embodiments, the mixture does not comprise gypsum as an initialmixture ingredient. For example, in some embodiments, although the drymixture does not include gypsum, gypsum in some final or intermediateform may be created after the dry mixture is combined with water (e.g.,during after curing). In some embodiments, the 7-day strength of themixture once combined with water and permitted to cure is at least 3000psi (e.g., 3000, 3100, 3200, 3300, 3400, 3500, 3600, 3700, 3800, 3900,4000, 4500, 5000, 5500 psi, greater than 5500 psi, etc.), and the 1-daystrength of the mixture once combined with water and permitted to cureis at least 1000 psi (e.g., 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600,1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, psi, greater than4500 psi, etc.).

According to some embodiments, a curable mixture configured to set inthe presence of water comprises magnesium oxide and slag, wherein aproportion by weight of the primary cementitious component (e.g., slagcement, Class C fly ash) is 80% to 120% (e.g., 80%-120%, 90%-110%,95%-105%, 98%-102%, 80%-100%, 85%100%, 90%-100%, 95%-100%, 80%-90%,85%-95%, 100%-120%, 100%-115%, 100%-110%, 100%-105%, 105%-115%,105%-120%, values between the foregoing ranges, etc.) of a proportion ofmagnesium oxide by weight of the mixture. In some embodiments, themixture additionally comprises at least one accelerant, wherein the atleast one accelerant comprises magnesium sulfate in the form ofMgSO₄.7H₂O, wherein a proportion by weight of MgSO₄.7H₂O is 90% to 140%(e.g., 90%-140%, 90%-130%, 90%-120%, 90%-110%, 95%-105%, 98%-102%,80%-100%, 85%-100%, 90%-100%, 95%-100%, 80%-90%, 85%-95%, 100%-120%,100%-115%, 100%-110%, 100%-105%, 105%-115%, 105%-120%, 105-130%,105-140%, values between the foregoing ranges, etc.) of the proportionof magnesium oxide by weight of the mixture. In some embodiments, themixture does not comprise Portland cement. In some embodiments, themixture does not comprise Portland cement or gypsum. In someembodiments, the 7-day strength of the mixture once combined with waterand permitted to cure is at least 3000 psi (e.g., 3000, 3100, 3200,3300, 3400, 3500, 3600, 3700, 3800, 3900, 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500 psi,greater than 5500 psi, etc.), and the 1-day strength of the mixture oncecombined with water and permitted to cure is at least 1000 psi (e.g.,1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2500,3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, psi, greater than 4500 psi, etc.).

According to some embodiments, a curable mixture configured to set inthe presence of water comprises magnesium oxide and the primarycementitious component (e.g., slag cement, Class C fly ash), wherein aproportion by weight of slag is 80% to 120% (e.g., 80%-120%, 90%-110%,95%-105%, 98%-102%, 80%-100%, 85%100%, 90%-100%, 95%-100%, 80%-90%,85%-95%, 100%-120%, 100%-115%, 100%-110%, 100%-105%, 105%-115%,105%-120%, values between the foregoing ranges, etc.) of a proportion ofmagnesium oxide by weight of the mixture. The mixture additionallycomprises at least one accelerant, wherein the at least one accelerantcomprises (i) magnesium chloride in the form of MgC₂.6H₂O or magnesiumnitrate in the form of Mg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O, and (ii) magnesium sulfate in theform of MgSO₄.7H₂O. The proportion by weight of MgC₂.6H₂O orMg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O is 2% to 12% (e.g., 2%-12%, 2%-10%, 2%-8%, 2%-6%, 2%-5%,2%-4%, 2%-3%, 3%-12%, 3%-10%, 3%-8%, 3%-6%, 3%-5%, 3%-4%, 4%-12%,4%-10%, 4%-8%, 4%-6%, 4%-5%, 5%-12%, 5%-10%, 5%-8%, 5%-6%, 6%-12%,6%-10%, 6%-8%, 8%-12%, 8%-10%, 10%-12%, values between the foregoingranges, etc.) of the proportion of magnesium oxide by weight of themixture, and the proportion by weight of MgSO₄.7H₂O is 15% to 35% (e.g.,15%-35%, 15%-30%, 15-25%, 15%-20%, 20%-35%, 20%-30%, 20%-25%, 25%-35%,25%-30%, 30%-35%, values between the foregoing ranges, etc.) of theproportion of magnesium oxide by weight of the mixture. In someembodiments, a final cured product resulting from combining the mixturewith water is suitable for long-term contact with reinforcing bar, mesh,steel and other materials susceptible to corrosion. In some embodiments,the 7-day strength of the mixture once combined with water and permittedto cure is at least 3000 psi (e.g., 3000, 3100, 3200, 3300, 3400, 3500,3600, 3700, 3800, 3900, 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500 psi, greater than 5500psi, etc.), and the 1-day strength of the mixture once combined withwater and permitted to cure is at least 1000 psi (e.g., 1000, 1100,1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500,4000, 4500, psi, greater than 4500 psi, etc.).

According to some embodiments, a curable mixture configured to set inthe presence of water comprises magnesium oxide and slag, wherein aproportion by weight of the primary cementitious component (e.g., slagcement, Class C fly ash) is 80% to 120% (e.g., 80%-120%, 90%-110%,95%-105%, 98%-102%, 80%-100%, 85%100%, 90%-100%, 95%-100%, 80%-90%,85%-95%, 100%-120%, 100%-115%, 100%-110%, 100%-105%, 105%-115%,105%-120%, values between the foregoing ranges, etc.) of a proportion ofmagnesium oxide by weight of the mixture. The mixture additionallycomprises at least one accelerant, wherein the at least one accelerantcomprises (i) magnesium chloride in the form of MgC₂.6H₂O or magnesiumnitrate in the form of Mg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O, and (ii) magnesium sulfate in theform of MgSO₄.7H₂O. In some embodiments, a proportion by weight ofMgC₂.6H₂O or Mg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O is 2% to 30% (e.g., 2%-12%, 2%-10%, 2%-8%,2%-6%, 2%-5%, 2%-4%, 2%-3%, 3%-12%, 3%-10%, 3%-8%, 3%-6%, 3%-5%, 3%-4%,5%-12%, 5%-10%, 6%-10%, 6%-8%, values between the foregoing ranges,etc.) of the proportion of magnesium oxide by weight of the mixture, anda proportion by weight of MgSO₄.7H₂O is 15% to 50% 15% to 50% (e.g.,15%-50%, 15%-45%, 15-40%, 15%-35%, 20%-50%, 20%-45%, 20%-40%, 20%-35%,25%-50%, 25%-45%, 25%-40%, 25%-35%, 25%-30%, 30%-35%, values between theforegoing ranges, etc.) of the proportion of magnesium oxide by weightof the mixture. In some embodiments, the 7-day strength of the mixtureonce combined with water and permitted to cure is at least 3000 psi(e.g., 3000, 3100, 3200, 3300, 3400, 3500, 3600, 3700, 3800, 3900, 4000,4500, 5000, 5500 psi, greater than 5500 psi, etc.), and the 1-daystrength of the mixture once combined with water and permitted to cureis at least 1000 psi (e.g., 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600,1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, psi, greater than4500 psi, etc.). In some embodiments, the mixture further comprises atleast one additional accelerant, wherein the at least one additionalaccelerant comprises sodium hexametaphosphate. In some embodiments, aproportion of sodium hexametaphosphate is 0.1% to 5% (e.g., 0.1%-5%,0.5%-5%, 1-5%, 1.5%-5%, 2%-5%, 2%-4.5%, 2%-4%, 2%-3.5%, 2.5%-5%,2.5-4.5%, 2.5%-4%, 2.5%-3.5%, 2.5%-3%, 3%-3.5%, 3%-5%, 4%-5%, valuesbetween the foregoing ranges, etc.) of the proportion of magnesium oxideby weight of the mixture.

According to some embodiments, 7-day strength of the mixture oncecombined with water and permitted to cure is at least 3000, 3100, 3200,3300, 3400, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000 psi, values between the foregoing,greater than 5000 psi, etc.).

According to some embodiments, 1-day strength of the mixture oncecombined with water and permitted to cure is at least 1000, 1100, 1200,1300, 1400, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000 psi, values between theforegoing, greater than 4000 psi, etc.).

According to some embodiments, the mixture further comprises at leastone filler material or other additive, the at least one filler or otheradditive is selected from the following: pumice or other volcanic rockor material, sand, aggregate (e.g., fine aggregate, coarse aggregate,intermediate aggregate, other types of aggregate, etc.), talc, otherclay material, fibers (e.g., steel and/or other metallic fibers,polypropylene and/or other polymeric fibers, glass fibers, asbestosfibers, carbon fibers, organic fibers, etc.), glass fiber reinforcedplastic (GFRP), other reinforced polymers, admixtures or other additivesthat facilitate with fire protection, water protection, corrosionresistance/inhibition, workability, and/or one more other properties ofthe final cured product (e.g., MasterPel, RheoCell, MasterCell, etc.),sodium naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde (SNF) and/or othersurfactants, plasticizers, pigments, dyes and other color additives,titanium dioxide, other minerals, other natural or synthetic materials,other filler materials and/or the like.

According to some embodiments, a curable mixture configured to set inthe presence of water comprises magnesium oxide and the primarycementitious component (e.g., slag cement, fly ash) wherein a proportionby weight of the primary cementitious component (e.g., slag cement,Class C fly ash) is 80% to 120% of a proportion of magnesium oxide byweight of the mixture, wherein a sum of the proportions of magnesiumoxide and the primary cementitious component (e.g., slag cementcomprises at least 35% by weight of the mixture, wherein the mixturedoes not include Portland cement or gypsum, wherein the sum of theproportions of magnesium oxide and the primary cementitious component(e.g., slag cement, Class C fly ash) is 40% to 70% by weight of themixture. The curable mixture further includes at least one accelerant,wherein the at least one accelerant comprises at least one of thefollowing: magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate, and magnesium sulfate,wherein a proportion by weight of the at least one accelerant is 5% to45% of the proportion of magnesium oxide by weight of the mixture. Afinal cured product resulting from combining the mixture with water issuitable for long-term contact with reinforcing bar, mesh, steel andother materials susceptible to corrosion.

According to some embodiments, a pH of any of the mixtures disclosedherein, after being combined with water, is 8 to 11 (e.g., 8-11, 8-10,8-9, 9-11, 9-10, 8.5, 9.5, 8-9.5, 8.5-11. 8.5-10, ranges between theforegoing values, etc.). According to some embodiments, a pH of any ofthe mixtures disclosed herein, after being combined with water, isgreater than 10 (e.g., 10-11, 11-12, 12-13, 10, 11, 12, 13, greater than13, pH values between the foregoing values and ranges, etc.).

According to some embodiments, any of the mixtures disclosed herein donot contain SHMP or any other phosphate.

According to some embodiments, a curable paste that results fromcombining any of the mixtures disclosed herein with water comprises adensity that is equal or substantially equal to the density of Portlandcement pastes. In some embodiments, the density of the curable paste is80% to 120% of the density of Portland cement pastes.

According to some embodiments, a curable paste that results fromcombining any of the mixtures disclosed herein with water comprises arate of leaching that is equal to substantially equal to a rate ofleaching of Portland cement pastes. In some embodiments, the rate ofleaching of the curable paste is 80% to 120% of the rate of leaching ofPortland cement pastes.

According to some embodiments, a curable paste that results fromcombining any of the mixtures disclosed herein with water comprises aPoisson's Ratio that is equal to substantially equal to Poisson's Ratioof Portland cement pastes. In some embodiments, the Poisson's Ratio ofthe curable paste is 70% to 150% (e.g., 70%-150%, 70%-140%, 70%-130%,70%-120%, 70%-110%, 70%-100%, 70%-90%, 70%-80%, 80%-150%, 80%-140%,80%-130%, 80%-120%, 80%-110%, 80%-100%, 80%-90%, 90%-150%, 90%-140%,90%-130%, 90%-120%, 90%-110%, 90%-100%, 100%-150%, 100%-140%, 100%-130%,100%-120%, 100%-110%, 110%-150%, 110%-140%, 110%-130%, 110%-120%,120%-150%, 120%-140%, 120%-130%, 130%-150%, 130%-140%, 140%-150%,95%-105%, 85%-115%, 75%-125%, percentages between the foregoing ranges,etc.) of the Poisson's ratio of Portland cement pastes. In someembodiments, the Poission's Ratio of a curable paste that results fromcombining any of the mixtures disclosed herein with water is 0.15 to0.30 (e.g., 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.20, 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.24,0.25, 0.15-0.25, 0.15-0.20, 0.25-0.30, 0.20-0.25, 0.20-0.27, 0.20-0.30,values between the foregoing values and ranges, etc.).

According to some embodiments, a curable paste that results fromcombining any of the mixtures disclosed herein with water comprises amodulus of elasticity that is equal to substantially equal to themodulus of elasticity of Portland cement pastes. In some embodiments,the modulus of elasticity of the curable paste is 50% to 200% (e.g.,50-200, 50-190, 50-180, 50-170, 50-160, 50-150, 50-140, 50-130, 50-120,50-110, 50-100, 50-90, 50-80, 50-70, 50-60, 60-200, 60-190, 60-180,60-170, 60-160, 60-150, 60-140, 60-130, 60-120, 60-110, 60-100, 60-90,60-80, 60-70, 70-200, 70-190, 70-180, 70-170, 70-160, 70-150, 70-140,70-130, 70-120, 70-110, 70-100, 70-90, 70-80, 80-200, 80-190, 80-180,80-170, 80-160, 80-150, 80-140, 80-130, 80-120, 80-110, 80-100, 80-90,90-200, 90-190, 90-180, 90-170, 90-160, 90-150, 90-140, 90-130, 90-120,90-110, 90-100, 100-200, 100-190, 100-180, 100-170, 100-160, 100-150,100-140, 100-130, 100-120, 100-110, 110-200, 110-190, 110-180, 110-170,110-160, 110-150, 110-140, 110-130, 110-120, 120-200, 120-190, 120-180,120-170, 120-160, 120-150, 120-140, 120-130, 130-200, 130-190, 130-180,130-170, 130-160, 130-150, 130-140, 140-200, 140-190, 140-180, 140-170,140-160, 140-150, 150-200, 150-190, 150-180, 150-170, 150-160, 160-200,160-190, 160-180, 160-170, 170-200, 170-190, 170-180, 180-200, 180-190,190-200, 95-105, 85-115, 75-125, 65-135, 55-145, values between theforegoing values and ranges, etc.) of the modulus of elasticity ofPortland cement pastes. In some embodiments, the modulus of elasticityof a curable paste that results from combining any of the mixturesdisclosed herein with water is 3(10⁶) to 5(10⁶) (e.g., 3(10⁶) to 5(10⁶),3.0(10⁶) to 3.5(10⁶), 3.5(10⁶) to 4.0(10⁶), 4.0(10⁶) to 4.5(10⁶),4.5(10⁶) to 5.0(10⁶), 3(10⁶) to 4(10⁶), 3.0(10⁶) to 4.5(10⁶), 3.5(10⁶)to 5.0(10⁶), 3.5(106) to 4.5(10⁶), 3.0(10⁶), 3.1(10⁶), 3.2(10⁶),3.3(10⁶), 3.4(10⁶), 3.5(10⁶), 3.6(10⁶), 3.7(10⁶), 3.8(10⁶), 3.9(10⁶),4.0(10⁶), 4.1(10⁶), 4.2(10⁶), 4.3(10⁶), 4.4(10⁶), 4.5(10⁶), 4.6(10⁶),4.7(10⁶), 4.8(10⁶), 4.9(10⁶), 5.0(10⁶) psi, values between the foregoingvalues and ranges, etc.) psi.

According to some embodiments, the curable mix or formulation comprisestwo or more materials, wherein the two or more materials comprise atleast one waste glass component and at least one post-consumer material.

According to some embodiments, the mixture does not create gypsum as aninitial component; however, the mixture once combined with water createsat least a measurable amount of gypsum.

According to some embodiments, the mixture is configured to be combinedwith water to create a curable paste, wherein the amount of water usedto create the curable paste is 75% to 125% by mass of the amount of MgOin the mixture.

According to some embodiments, a curable mixture configured to set inthe presence of water comprises magnesium oxide and at least oneaccelerant, wherein the at least one accelerant comprises magnesiumchloride or magnesium nitrate. In some embodiments, the magnesiumchloride is in the form of MgC₂.6H₂O. In some embodiments, the magnesiumnitrate in the form of Mg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O. In some embodiments, a proportionby weight of MgC₂.6H₂O or Mg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O is 80% to 120% (e.g., 80%-120%,90%-110%, 95%-105%, 98%-102%, 80%-100%, 85%100%, 90%-100%, 95%-100%,80%-90%, 85%-95%, 100%-120%, 100%-115%, 100%-110%, 100%-105%, 105%-115%,105%-120%, values between the foregoing ranges, etc.) of the proportionof magnesium oxide by weight of the mixture. In some embodiments, themixture does not comprise Portland cement. In some embodiments, themixture does not comprise Portland cement or gypsum. In someembodiments, 7-day strength of the mixture once combined with water andpermitted to cure is at least 6000, 6500, 7000, 7500, 8000, 8500, 9000psi, values between the foregoing, greater than 9000 psi, etc.). In someembodiments, 1-day strength of the mixture once combined with water andpermitted to cure is at least 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500, 6000, 6500, 7000psi, values between the foregoing, greater than 7000 psi, etc.).

According to some embodiments, the mixture further comprises at leastone filler material or other additive, wherein a proportion of the atleast one filler material or other additive is 400% to 550% (e.g.,400%-550%, 400%-450%, 400%-500%, 450%-550%, 450%-550%, 500%-550%,400%-550%, values between the foregoing ranges, etc.) of the proportionof magnesium oxide by weight of the mixture. In some embodiments, themixture additionally includes at least one additional accelerant.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other features, aspects and advantages of the presentapplication are described with reference to drawings of certainembodiments, which are intended to illustrate, but not to limit, thepresent disclosure. It is to be understood that the attached drawingsare for the purpose of illustrating concepts disclosed in the presentapplication and may not be to scale.

The FIGURE schematically illustrates various components of a curable mixor formulation according to one embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

According to some embodiments, certain formulations or mixes that areconfigured to be combined with water (and/or other liquids) to cure andset in order to form materials suitable for construction are disclosedherein. Such mixes comprise MgO and are alternatives to Portland cement,other calcium-containing binder materials and other traditional binderformulations.

In some embodiments, such mixes, before being combined with water and/oranother liquid (herein referred to as “dry” mixes), do not containPortland cement. As noted herein, under certain circumstances, mixturesthat do not comprise Portland cement can provide an environmentalbenefit (e.g., by reducing greenhouse gas emissions).

In some embodiments, the mixture does not comprise Portland cement. Insome embodiments, the mixture does not comprise Portland cement orgypsum. In some embodiments, the mixture does not comprise gypsum as aninitial mixture ingredient. For example, in some embodiments, althoughthe dry mixture does not include gypsum, gypsum in some final orintermediate form may be created after the dry mixture is combined withwater (e.g., during after curing).

In some embodiments, the creation of gypsum (and/or similar materials)during the curing of one or more of the mixes disclosed herein canprovide additional benefits and advantages. For example, gypsum that iscreated during the curing process for one or more of the mixes disclosedherein can react with atmospheric carbon dioxide. This can result inadvantageous absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide into the curingmixture, and thus, out of the environment. Thus, not only does the useof the mixes disclosed herein benefit the environment by directlyreducing the carbon footprint (e.g., avoiding the use of Portland cementand other carbon-rich materials), but the creation of gypsum and/orother materials as a result of the curing process can help furtherremove carbon dioxide from the environment.

In some arrangements, the mixes or formulations disclosed herein areconfigured to produce a final cured product that, once combined withwater and/or one or more other liquids and provided with sufficient timeto set, is suitable for long-term contact with reinforcing bar (rebar),mesh, other types of steel (beams, channels, rods, fasteners, etc.)and/or any other metal or material susceptible to corrosion.Accordingly, such formulations can be ubiquitously used in theconstruction industry where steel or other metallic reinforcement and/orcontact is desired or required. However, in other embodiments, asdiscussed further herein, the formulations can be used in structural ornon-structural applications irrespective of whether rebar or other metalcontacts the final cured product resulting from such formulations.

According to some embodiments, the pH of the mix (e.g., dry mix) and/orthe resulting paste and cured product (e.g., the dry mix combined withwater or other fluid, the mix during setting or curing, the mix once setor cured, the final cured product, etc.) is basic. For example, in somearrangements, the pH of the mix (e.g., dry mix) and/or the resultingpaste and cured product is 8 to 11 (e.g., 8-11, 8-10, 8-9, 9-11, 9-10,8.5, 9.5, 8-9.5, 8.5-11. 8.5-10, ranges between the foregoing values,etc.). In some arrangements, the pH of the mix (e.g., dry mix) and/orthe resulting paste and cured product is 10 or above (e.g., 10, 11, 12,13, 10 to 11, 11 to 12, 12 to 13, above 13, 10 to 14, 10 to 13, 10 to12, 11 to 14, 11 to 13, 12 to 14, pH values between the foregoing rangesor values, etc.). In other embodiments, the pH of the mix (e.g., drymix) and/or the resulting paste and cured product is 7 or slightly above7 (e.g., 7-8, 7-7.5, 7.5-8, values between the foregoing ranges, etc.).On the other hand, the pH of Portland cement mixes is usually far morealkaline. For example, the pH of Portland cement typically is over 13.As a result, there is substantial occupational, health and safety riskfor workers and others who are exposed to such cement mixtures. Whendealing such mixtures, individuals need to wear gloves and otherprotective gear when working with Portland cement mixtures. Accordingly,handling and/or otherwise working with the various curable mixturesdisclosed herein is safer due to the much lower pH relative totraditional Portland cement formulations.

According to some embodiments, as disclosed in several examplearrangements detailed herein, the accelerator comprises, at least inpart, magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO₃)₂ (e.g., Mg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O). Magnesiumnitrate is, at least in some forms, a corrosion inhibitor. Thus, the useof magnesium nitrate as an accelerator can help with the protection ofrebar and/or any other steel or metal that is used in connection withthe use of curable products.

For at least some of the formulations disclosed herein, the paste (orthe product resulting from combining the corresponding dry mix withwater and/or another liquid) comprises a density that is at least equalor greater than the density of known magnesium oxide and/or Portlandcements formulations. In some embodiments, the density of the pastesusing the formulations disclosed herein are 0-10% (e.g., 0-10, 0-5, 2-8,2-10, 5-10, 2-5, 5-8, 1-9%, percentages between the foregoing ranges,etc.) more dense than pastes using known magnesium oxide or Portlandcements formulations. Accordingly, in some arrangements, the density ofthe pastes using the formulations disclosed herein can be equal,substantially equal, less than or greater than the density of pastesusing known magnesium oxide or Portland cements formulations.

According to some embodiments, the density of the pastes using theformulations disclosed herein is approximately the same as the densityof pastes using known magnesium oxide or Portland cements formulations.For example, in some embodiments, the density of the pastes using theformulations disclosed herein is 80% to 120% (e.g., 80%-120%, 90%-110%,95%-105%, 98%-102%, 80%-100%, 85%100%, 90%-100%, 95%-100%, 80%-90%,85%-95%, 100%-120%, 100%-115%, 100%-110%, 100%-105%, 105%-115%,105%-120%, values between the foregoing ranges, etc.) of the density ofpastes using known magnesium oxide or Portland cements formulations.

The use of formulations that result in denser pastes can provide one ormore advantages to the resulting curable product. For instance, inembodiments where the curable product is used with rebar, mesh and/orother steel components or members, the higher density can help protectagainst corrosion. In some configurations, for example, the denser pastecan reduce the likelihood of water or other fluids coming in contactwith rebar or other steel/metallic components or members used inconnection with a curable product. In some embodiments, the denserpastes resulting from some of the mixtures disclosed herein can reducepenetration of water or other fluids originating from outside the curedproduct by 5% to 40% (e.g., 5-40, 10-40-15-40, 20-40, 25-40, 30-40,35-40, 5-35, 10-35, 15-35, 20-35, 25-35, 30-35, 5-30, 10-30, 15-30,20-30, 25-30, 5-25, 10-25, 15-25, 20-25, 5-20, 10-20, 15-20, 5-15,10-15%, percentage values or ranges between the foregoing ranges, etc.).

For at least some of the embodiments disclosed herein, the MgO curableformulations are proportioned to increase in strength when exposed(e.g., intermittently, continuously, etc.) to water and/or other fluidsor environments where water (e.g., in liquid, gas, solid form) ispresent. Multiple prior attempts involving the use of MgO cements insuch water environments have failed or have otherwise been unsuccessful.For example, prior attempts have encountered problems associated withcracking and/or loss of structural strength or integrity. One reason forsuch structural undermining is attributable to the use (or an excessiveamount) of magnesium chloride in such formulations.

Accordingly, in some formulations, the use of magnesium chloride iseither eliminated or reduced. In some arrangements, the amount ofmagnesium chloride in the dry mix is maintained below a particularthreshold. For example, the proportion of MgCl₂, specifically in theform of MgC₂.6H₂O, by percentage of weight in the dry mix or formulationis less than 15% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 14%, less than 13%,less than 12%, less than 11%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 7%,less than 6%, less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%,less than 1%, 0%, 0-15%, 5-10%, values between the foregoing values orranges, etc.) of the proportion of MgO by percentage of weight in thedry mix or formulation.

According to some embodiments, the proportion of MgCl₂, specifically inthe form of MgC₂.6H₂O, by percentage of weight in the dry mix orformulation is less than 5% (e.g., less than 5%, less than 4%, less than3%, less than 2%, less than 1%, less than 0.5%, 0%, 0-5%, 1-5%, 2-5%,3-5%, 4-5%, 0-4%, 1-3%, values between the foregoing values or ranges,etc.) of the proportion of the entire dry mix or formulation bypercentage of weight.

However, in other formulations, as discussed in greater detail below,the proportion of MgCl₂, specifically in the form of MgC₂.6H₂O, bypercentage of weight in the dry mix or formulation is greater than 15%of the proportion of MgO by percentage of weight in the dry mix orformulation, as required or required for a particular application oruse.

Accordingly, the formulations or mixes disclosed herein, or equivalentsthereof, can be used in one or more of the following non-limitingapplications, industries and/or contexts: building construction bothresidential and commercial (e.g., used in columns, beams and otherload-bearing members), walls and other construction panels (e.g.,including non-load bearing members), airports, dams, levees, bridges,tunnels, harbors, refineries and other industrial sites, parkingstructures, roadways, tile and other flooring, sidewalks, pipes,channels, countertops and/or the like. Depending on final curedproduct's ability to not damage steel or other metals, one or more offormulations or mixes are suitable for use in applications tensilereinforcement is desired or required (e.g., to prevent or reduce thelikelihood of cracking, breaking and/or other compromising occurrence tothe cured product).

According to some embodiments, one or more of the mixes disclosed hereincan be combined with water (and/or any other suitable liquid) to form,with sufficient curing time, a hardened final product. In somearrangements, the final product that results from curing one or more ofthe various mixes disclosed herein, and equivalents thereof, cancomprise a similar or greater structural strength than commerciallyavailable or other known cement mixes that include Portland cement,while at the same time, providing additional benefits and advantages asdisclosed herein (e.g., reduction of carbon footprint, heat dispersionbenefits, enablement of thicker pours, worker/user safety benefits,anti-leaching benefits, etc.).

By way of example, the strength of the cured product using variousformulations or mixes disclosed herein can be 90% to 110% (e.g.,90-100%, 90-100%, 100%, 100-110%, values between the foregoing ranges,etc.) of the strength of commercially available and/or other knowncement mixes that include Portland cement. In other embodiments,however, the strength of the cured product using various formulations ormixes disclosed herein can be greater than 110% (e.g., 110-120%,120-130%, 130-140%, 140-150%, greater than 150%, values between theforegoing ranges, etc.) of the strength of commercially available and/orother known cement mixes that include Portland cement.

For any of the embodiments disclosed herein, the amount of water (and/orother liquid) added to the dry mix to form the curable product is equalor substantially equal to the amount of MgO (e.g., by mass). In someembodiments, the mass of water (and/or other liquid) added to the drymix to form the curable product is 75% to 125% (e.g., 75-125, 80-120,85-115, 90-110, 95-105, 75-100, 100-125%, percentages between theforegoing ranges, etc.) of the mass of MgO.

According to some embodiments, for one or more of the mix configurationsdisclosed herein, the rate of leaching of components (MgCl₂, Mg(NO₃)₂,MgSO₄, hydrous, anhydrous and/or other compounds having the same, etc.),during and/or following cure, is equal to or lower relative to the rateof leaching in known cements (e.g., Portland cements, MgO or othermagnesia cements, etc.). In some embodiments, the rate of leaching bymass can be lower by 0%-10% (e.g., 0-10, 0-5, 2-8, 2-10, 5-10, 2-5, 5-8,1-9%, percentages between the foregoing ranges, etc.) relative to knowncements. In some embodiments, the rate of leaching for one or more ofthe mix configurations disclosed herein is equal or substantially equalof the rate of leaching of known cements (e.g., Portland cements, MgO orother magnesia cements, etc.). In other arrangements, however, the rateof leaching by mass can be lower by more than 10% (e.g., 10-15, 15-20,20-30%, greater than 30%, etc.).

The term slag cement as used herein is a broad term and includes anyby-product following the separation (e.g., via smelting) of a metal fromits raw ore that has cementitious components and/or characteristics.Slag cement can include, without limitation, water-cooled slags, blastfurnace slags and the like. As noted below, in some embodiments, theslag cement satisfies the ASTM requirements. In some embodiments, slagcement comprises granulated blast-furnace slag that has been ground tocement fineness with or without additions and that is a hydrauliccement. In some embodiments, slag cement is a hydraulic cement formedwhen granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) is ground to suitablefineness. In some embodiments, slag cement comprises a recoveredindustrial by-product of an iron blast furnace. In some embodiments,slag cement and/or another primary cementitious component comprises ahydraulic cement.

In addition, for any of the embodiments disclosed herein, the slagcement included in a mix may be replaced (or supplemented) by one ormore other materials, such as, for example and without limitation, ClassC fly ash and/or any other material that includes similar cementitiousproperties that is capable of being combined with magnesium oxide.

As noted above, according to some embodiments, one component of the drymixes disclosed herein includes a primary cementitious component. Insome configurations, the primary cementitious component comprises slagcement. In other embodiments, the primary cementitious componentcomprises slag cement, Class C fly ash and/or another cementitiouscomponent that is configured to be combined with the magnesium oxide ofthe mix such that the component forms binder on its own in the presenceof water or another liquid. According to some embodiments, the Class Cfly ash or any other primary cementitious component conforms to all orat least some of the requirements set forth in ASTM C618.

According to some embodiments, slag cement includes ground granulatedblast-furnace slag, quenched slag or any other slag that is obtained byquenching molten iron slag from a blast furnace (e.g., in water, steam,etc.). In some embodiments, the slag is cooled rapidly to produce aglassy granular product. In some arrangements, the slag cement meets therequirements of ASTM C989.

In some embodiments, the proportions of MgO and primary cementitiouscomponent (e.g., slag cement, Class C fly ash, etc.) in the formulation(e.g., the dry formulation before any water and/or other liquid isadded) are relatively equal to one another. For example, the proportionof the primary cementitious component by percentage of weight in the drymix or formulation is 80% to 120% (e.g., 80%-120%, 90%-110%, 95%-105%,98%-102%, 80%-100%, 85% 100%, 90%-100%, 95%-100%, 80%-90%, 85%-95%,100%-120%, 100%-115%, 100%-110%, 100%-105%, 105%-115%, 105%-120%, valuesbetween the foregoing ranges, etc.) of the proportion of MgO bypercentage of weight in the dry mix or formulation. In otherembodiments, the proportion of the primary cementitious component bypercentage of weight in the dry mix or formulation is 70% to 130% (e.g.,70%-130%, 70%-120%, 80%-130%, 80%-120%, 90%-110%, 95%-105%, 98%-102%,70%-100%, 80%-100%, 85%100%, 90%-100%, 95%-100%, 80%-90%, 85%-95%,100%-120%, 100%-115%, 100%-110%, 100%-105%, 105%-115%, 105%-120%, valuesbetween the foregoing ranges, etc.) of the proportion of MgO bypercentage of weight in the dry mix or formulation.

According to some embodiments, a formulation or mix comprises a combinedMgO and primary cementitious component content, as a percentage byweight of the dry formulation or mix, that is 40% to 70% (e.g., 40%-70%,50%-60%, 40%-60%, 40%-50%, 40%-45%, 45%-50%, 45%-55%, 45%-60%, 45%-65%,45%-70%, 50%-55%, 50%-65%, 50%-70%, 55%-60%, 55%-65%, 55%-70%, 60%-65%,60%-70%, other percentages between the foregoing ranges, etc.). Incertain configurations, the combined proportions of MgO and primarycementitious component in the dry mixture (e.g., before the mixture iscombined with water and/or another liquid) is at least 40% (e.g., atleast 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, greater than 65%, etc.), as desiredor required. In some embodiments, the combined proportions of MgO andprimary cementitious component in the dry mixture (e.g., before themixture is combined with water and/or another liquid) is at least 15%(e.g., at least 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%,greater than 65%, etc.), as desired or required.

According to some embodiments, a formulation or mix comprises a combinedMgO and primary cementitious component content, as a percentage byweight of the dry formulation or mix, that is 15% to 50% (e.g., 15%-50%,20%-40%, 25%-35%, 15%-20%, 15%-25%, 15%-30%, 15%-35%, 15%-40%, 15%-45%,20%-25%, 20%-30%, 20%-35%, 20%-40%, 20%-45%, 20%-50%, 25%-30%, 25%-40%,25%-50%, 30%-35%, 30%-40%, 30%-50%, other percentages between theforegoing ranges, etc.).

In some embodiments, a formulation or mix comprises a MgO content, as apercentage by weight of the dry formulation or mix, that is 20% to 50%(e.g., 20%-50%, 20%-45%, 20%-40%, 20%-25%, 20%-30%, 20%-35%, 25%-50%,25%-45%, 25%-40%, 25%-30%, 25%-35%, 25%-40%, 30%-50%, 30%-45%, 30%-35%,30%-40%, 22%-28%, 23%-27%, other percentages between the foregoingranges, etc.). In certain configurations, the proportion of MgO in thedry mixture (e.g., before the mixture is combined with water and/oranother liquid) is less than 40% (e.g., below 40%, 39%, 38%, 37%, 36%,35%, 34%, 33%, 32%, 31%, 30%, 25% or below 20%, 25%-30%, 20%-25%,10%-20%, 5%-10%, 5%-15%, specific percentages between the foregoingvalues, etc.). In some embodiments, the proportion of MgO in the drymixture (e.g., before the mixture is combined with water and/or anotherliquid) is less than 10% (e.g., below 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%,2%, 1%, specific percentages between the foregoing values, etc.).

According to some arrangements, the proportion of MgO in the dry mixture(e.g., before the mixture is combined with water and/or another liquid)is 20% to 35% (e.g., 20%-35%, 20%-30%, 20%-25%, 22%-28%, 25%-30%,25%-35%, 30%-35%, values between the foregoing ranges, etc.) of the drymixture by weight. Likewise, in some arrangements, the proportion of theprimary cementitious component in the dry mixture (e.g., before themixture is combined with water and/or another liquid) is 20% to 35%(e.g., 20%-35%, 20%-30%, 20%-25%, 22%-28%, 25%-30%, 25%-35%, 30%-35%,values between the foregoing ranges, etc.) of the dry mixture by weight.

According to some arrangements, the proportion of MgO in the dry mixture(e.g., before the mixture is combined with water and/or another liquid)is 5% to 20% (e.g., 5%-20%, 5%-15%, 5%-10%, 10%-20%, 10%-15%, valuesbetween the foregoing ranges, etc.) of the dry mixture by weight.Likewise, in some arrangements, the proportion of the primarycementitious component (e.g., slag cement, Class C fly ash, combinationsof the foregoing, etc.) in the dry mixture (e.g., before the mixture iscombined with water and/or another liquid) is 5% to 20% (e.g., 5%-20%,5%-15%, 5%-10%, 10%-20%, 10%-15%, values between the foregoing ranges,etc.) of the dry mixture by weight.

The mixes include one or more accelerators or compounds that helpdecrease setting time and increase early-age strength gain once themixes are combined with water and/or another liquid. In someembodiments, such accelerators include chloride (Cl₂), sulfate (SO₄)and/or nitrate (NO₃). In some embodiments, the accelerators are providedas part of a magnesium-based material, such as, for example, magnesiumchloride (MgCl₂), magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) or magnesium nitrate(Mg(NO₃)₂). These (and/or other) accelerators can be provided in a drycrystalline form, such as, for example, MgC₂.6H₂O, Mg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O and/orMgSO₄.7H₂O. In other arrangements, however, accelerators can be providedin the mixes as part of a solution (e.g., in liquid form), as desired orrequired.

In some arrangements, the mixtures comprise sodium hexametaphosphate((NaPO₃)₆ or SHMP) or one or more other phosphate-based accelerators,either in addition to or lieu of accelerants that include chloride(Cl₂), sulfate (SO₄) and/or nitrate (NO₃).

For any of the embodiments disclosed herein, the mixture is designed tonot include sodium hexametaphosphate. In some arrangements, the mixturedoes not include any sodium hexametaphosphate. In some embodiments, themixture does not include phosphate or phosphorus-based material.However, in some arrangements, the mixture includes one or morephosphate materials, but not sodium hexametaphosphate, such as, forexample, any other alkali metal phosphate or phosphoric acid.

According to some embodiments, one or more of the mixes disclosed hereindo not include any accelerators that are phosphate or carbonate-based.For example, in some configurations, the mixes only includemagnesium-containing accelerators (e.g., MgCl₂, MgSO₄, etc.). In someembodiments, when non-magnesium based accelerators (e.g., SHMP) areincluded in a mix, the content of such non-magnesium based acceleratorsis relatively small. For example, in some arrangements, the content ofsuch non-magnesium based accelerators in the mix is less than 2% byweight of the entire dry mixture (e.g., 0%-2%, 0.1%-2%, 0%-1%, 0.1%-1%,1%-2%, specific percentages between the foregoing ranges, etc.).

In some embodiments, the mixture comprises one or more additionalcomponents. Such fillers and other additives can be included as desiredor required to provide certain properties and other characteristics tothe mixture and/or the final cured product. Fillers and additives cancomprise, without limitation, one or more of the following: pumice orother volcanic rock or material, sand, aggregate (e.g., fine aggregate,coarse aggregate, intermediate aggregate, other types of aggregate,etc.), talc, other clay material, fibers (e.g., steel and/or othermetallic fibers, polypropylene and/or other polymeric fibers, glassfibers, asbestos fibers, carbon fibers, organic fibers, etc.), glassfiber reinforced plastic (GFRP), other reinforced polymers, admixturesor other additives that facilitate with fire protection, waterprotection, corrosion resistance/inhibition, workability, and/or onemore other properties of the final cured product (e.g., MasterPel,RheoCell, MasterCell, etc.), sodium naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde(SNF) and/or other surfactants, plasticizers, pigments, dyes and othercolor additives, titanium dioxide, other minerals, other natural orsynthetic materials, other filler materials and/or the like.

According to some embodiments, a pH of any of the mixtures disclosedherein, after being combined with water, is 8 to 11 (e.g., 8-11, 8-10,8-9, 9-11, 9-10, 8.5, 9.5, 8-9.5, 8.5-11. 8.5-10, ranges between theforegoing values, etc.). According to some embodiments, a pH of any ofthe mixtures disclosed herein, after being combined with water, is 10 orgreater (e.g., 10, 11, 12, 13, 10-11, 11-12, 12-13, greater than 13,values between the foregoing values and ranges, etc.).

According to some embodiments, any of the mixtures disclosed herein donot contain SHMP or any other phosphate.

According to some embodiments, a curable paste that results fromcombining any of the mixtures disclosed herein with water comprises adensity that is equal or substantially equal to the density of Portlandcement pastes. In some embodiments, the density of the curable paste is90% to 110% of the density of Portland cement pastes.

According to some embodiments, a curable paste that results fromcombining any of the mixtures disclosed herein with water comprises arate of leaching that is equal or substantially equal to the rate ofleaching of Portland cement pastes. In some embodiments, the rate ofleaching of the curable paste is 90% to 110% of the rate of leaching ofPortland cement pastes.

According to some embodiments, the slag cement comprises one or more ofthe following: water-cooled slags, blast furnace slags, other slags thathave cementitious qualities and the like. As discussed in greater detailherein, one or more other types of slags and/or other non-cementitiouscomponents can be included in a particular mix that will not be aprimary cementitious component. These materials include, withoutlimitation, air-cooled slags, other non-cementitious slags, non-Class Cfly ash, silica fume, nanosilica, fine silica glass, other silica-basedmaterials, waste glass, ground glass, other glass-containing materials,post-consumer materials, and other waste materials.

According to some embodiments, the mixture does not create gypsum as aninitial component; however, the mixture once combined with water createsat least a measurable amount of gypsum.

According to some embodiments, the mixture is configured to be combinedwith water to create a curable paste, wherein the amount of water usedto create the curable paste is 75% to 125% (e.g., 75%-125%, 75%-120%,75%-115%, 75%-110%, 75%-105%, 75%-100%, 75%-95%, 75%-90%, 75%-85%,75%-80%, 80%-125%, 80%-120%, 80%-115%, 80%-110%, 80%-105%, 80%-100%,80%-95%, 80%-90%, 80%-85%, 85%-125%, 85%-120%, 85%-115%, 85%-110%,85%-105%, 85%-100%, 85%-95%, 85%-90%, 90%-125%, 90%-120%, 90%-115%,90%-110%, 90%-105%, 90%-100%, 90%-95%, 95%-125%, 95%-120%, 95%-115%,95%-110%, 95%-105%, 95%-100%, 100%-125%, 100%-120%, 100%-115%,100%-110%, 100%-105%, 105%-125%, 105%-120%, 105%-115%, 105%-110%,110%-125%, 110%-120%, 110%-115%, 115%-125%, 115%-120%, 120%-125%, valuesbetween the foregoing ranges, etc.) by mass of the amount of MgO in themixture.

General Mix Summary

According to some embodiments, any of the curable mixes and formulationsdisclosed herein can include four different components. As shownschematically in the figure, a curable mix or formulation 10 cancomprise (i) magnesium oxide (MgO), (ii) a primary cementitiouscomponent, (iii) an accelerant, and (iv) fillers and/or other additives.Such mixes and formulations can be combined with water and/or otherliquids and allowed to cure, thereby creating a cured final product(e.g., structure, slab, etc.).

With continued reference to the figure, the curable mix or formulationcan include equal or substantially equal portions (by weight of the drymix) of MgO and the primary cementitious component. As noted above, theprimary cementitious component can comprise slag cement, Class C fly ashand/or any other material that has cementitious qualities (e.g., isconfigured to react with MgO and/or other components of the mix to formbinder).

For any of the mix or formulation embodiments disclosed herein, theproportions of MgO and primary cementitious component (e.g., slagcement, Class C fly ash, etc.) in the formulation (e.g., the dryformulation before any water and/or other liquid is added) can berelatively equal to one another. For example, the proportion of theprimary cementitious component by percentage of weight in the dry mix orformulation is 70% to 130% (e.g., 70%-130%, 80%-120%, 90%-110%,95%-105%, 98%-102%, 99%-101%, values between the foregoing ranges, etc.)of the proportion of MgO by percentage of weight in the dry mix orformulation.

In some embodiments, the formulation or mix can comprise a combined MgOand primary cementitious component content, as a percentage by weight ofthe dry formulation or mix, that is 40% to 80% (e.g., 40%-80%, 40%-75%,40%-70%, 40%-65%, 40%-60%, 40%-55%, 40%-50%, 40%-45%, 45%-80%, 45%-75%,45%-70%, 45%-65%, 45%-60%, 45%-55%, 45%-50%, 50%-80%, 50%-75%, 50%-70%,50%-65%, 50%-60%, 50%-55%, 55%-80%, 55%-75%, 55%-70%, 55%-65%, 55%-60%,60%-80%, 60%-75%, 60%-70%, 60%-65%, 65%-80%, 65%-75%, 65%-70%, 70%-80%,70%-75%, 75-80%, percentages between the foregoing ranges, etc.).

In other arrangements, the formulation or mix can comprise a combinedMgO and primary cementitious component content, as a percentage byweight of the dry formulation or mix, that is 10% to 50% (e.g., 10%-50%,10%-45%, 10%-40%, 10%-35%, 10%-30%, 10%-25%, 10%-20%, 10%-15%, 15%-50%,15%-45%, 15%-40%, 15%-35%, 15%-30%, 15%-25%, 15%-20%, 20%-50%, 20%-45%,20%-40%, 20%-35%, 20%-30%, 20%-25%, 25%-50%, 25%-45%, 25%-40%, 25%-35%,25%-30%, 30%-50%, 30%-45%, 30%-40%, 30%-35%, 35%-50%, 35%-45%, 35%-40%,40%-50%, 40%-45%, 45-50%, percentages between the foregoing ranges,etc.).

According to some embodiments, the sum of the proportions of magnesiumoxide and primary cementitious component (e.g., slag cement, Class C flyash) is 40% to 70% (e.g., 40%-70%, 50%-60%, 40%-60%, 40%-50%, 40%-45%,45%-50%, 45%-55%, 45%-60%, 45%-65%, 45%-70%, 50%-55%, 50%-65%, 50%-70%,55%-60%, 55%-65%, 55%-70%, 60%-65%, 60%-70%, other percentages betweenthe foregoing ranges, etc.) by weight of the mixture.

According to some embodiments, as illustrated in the figure, the curablemix or formulation 10 additionally comprises at least one accelerant. Insome embodiments, the accelerant comprises at least one of thefollowing: magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate and magnesium sulfate.In some embodiments, a proportion by weight of the at least oneaccelerant is 15% to 50% (e.g., 15%-50%, 15%-45%, 15-40%, 15%-35%,20%-50%, 20%-45%, 20%-40%, 20%-35%, 25%-50%, 25%-45%, 25%-40%, 25%-35%,25%-30%, 30%-35%, values between the foregoing ranges, etc.) of theproportion of magnesium oxide by weight of the mixture. In someembodiments, a final cured product resulting from combining the mixturewith water is suitable for long-term contact with reinforcing bar, mesh,steel and other materials susceptible to corrosion.

For any of the embodiments disclosed herein, the mixture is designed tonot include sodium hexametaphosphate. In some arrangements, the mixturedoes not include any sodium hexametaphosphate. In some embodiments, themixture does not include any phosphate or other phosphorus-basedmaterial

According to some embodiments, the at least one accelerant comprisesmagnesium chloride in the form of MgC₂.6H₂O or magnesium nitrate in theform of Mg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O, wherein a proportion by weight of MgC₂.6H₂O orMg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O is 2% to 30% (e.g., 2%-12%, 2%-10%, 2%-8%, 2%-6%, 2%-5%,2%-4%, 2%-3%, 3%-12%, 3%-10%, 3%-8%, 3%-6%, 3%-5%, 3%-4%, 5%-12%,5%-10%, 6%-10%, 6%-8%, values between the foregoing ranges, etc.) of theproportion of magnesium oxide by weight of the mixture, and the at leastone accelerant further comprises magnesium sulfate in the form ofMgSO₄.7H₂O, wherein a proportion by weight of MgSO₄.7H₂O is 15% to 50%(e.g., 15%-50%, 15%-45%, 15-40%, 15%-35%, 20%-50%, 20%-45%, 20%-40%,20%-35%, 25%-50%, 25%-45%, 25%-40%, 25%-35%, 25%-30%, 30%-35%, valuesbetween the foregoing ranges, etc.) of the proportion of magnesium oxideby weight of the mixture.

According to some embodiments, the accelerant does not comprise aphosphate-based material. In some embodiments, the accelerant comprisesa phosphate-based accelerant, wherein a proportion by weight of thephosphate-based accelerant is 0.1% to 5% (e.g., 0.1%-5%, 0.5%-5%, 1-5%,1.5%-5%, 2%-5%, 2%-4.5%, 2%-4%, 2%-3.5%, 2.5%-5%, 2.5-4.5%, 2.5%-4%,2.5%-3.5%, 2.5%-3%, 3%-3.5%, 3%-5%, 4%-5%, values between the foregoingranges, etc.) of the proportion of magnesium oxide by weight of themixture.

According to some embodiments, the accelerant comprises magnesiumchloride in the form of MgC₂.6H₂O or magnesium nitrate in the form ofMg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O, wherein a proportion by weight of MgC₂.6H₂O orMg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O is 80% to 120% (e.g., 80%-120%, 90%-110%, 95%-105%,98%-102%, 80%-100%, 85%100%, 90%-100%, 95%-100%, 80%-90%, 85%-95%,100%-120%, 100%-115%, 100%-110%, 100%-105%, 105%-115%, 105%-120%, valuesbetween the foregoing ranges, etc.) of the proportion of magnesium oxideby weight of the mixture.

According to some embodiments, the accelerant comprises magnesiumsulfate in the form of MgSO₄.7H₂O, wherein a proportion by weight ofMgSO₄.7H₂O is 90% to 140% (e.g., 90%-140%, 90%-130%, 90%-120%, 90%-110%,95%-105%, 98%-102%, 80%-100%, 85%-100%, 90%-100%, 95%-100%, 80%-90%,85%-95%, 100%-120%, 100%-115%, 100%-110%, 100%-105%, 105%-115%,105%-120%, 105-130%, 105-140%, values between the foregoing ranges,etc.) of the proportion of magnesium oxide by weight of the mixture.

With further reference to the schematic representation illustrated inthe figure, the curable mix or formulation 10 can additionally includeone or more fillers and/or other additives. Possible fillers and/orother additives include, but are not limited to, non-cementitious slags(e.g., air-cooled slags), non-Class C fly ash (e.g., Class F fly ash),silica fume, nanosilica, fine silica glass, other silica-basedmaterials, waste glass, ground glass, other glass-containing materials,post-consumer materials, other waste materials, fine aggregate,intermediate aggregate, coarse aggregate, other types of aggregate,pumice or other volcanic rock or material, sand, talc, other claymaterial, fibers (e.g., steel and/or other metallic fibers,polypropylene and/or other polymeric fibers, glass fibers, asbestosfibers, carbon fibers, organic fibers, etc.), glass fiber reinforcedplastic (GFRP), other reinforced polymers, admixtures or other additivesthat facilitate with fire protection, water protection, corrosionresistance/inhibition, workability, and/or one more other properties ofthe final cured product (e.g., MasterPel, RheoCell, MasterCell, etc.),sodium naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde (SNF) and/or othersurfactants, plasticizers, pigments, dyes and other color additives,titanium dioxide, other minerals, other natural or synthetic materials,other filler materials and/or the like.

In some embodiments, the fillers and/or other additives are included toreact with the other components of the mix and/or to provide somebeneficial characteristic or property to the resulting paste (e.g., oncethe mix is combined with water) and/or the final cured product. Forexample, in some embodiments, such materials (e.g., air-cooled slags,other non-cementitious slags, Class F fly ash, other non-cementitiousfly ash, pozzolan, silica fume, etc.) can act to reduce the permeabilityof the resulting paste or cured product. In some embodiments, suchmaterials help plug or otherwise fill holes or other cavities in theresulting paste and cured product. According to some arrangements, mixesor formulations that include materials that provide one or more benefitsor other advantages to the resulting paste or cured product can bereferred to as ternary mixes. In some embodiments, the non-cementitiouscomponents included in a ternary mix satisfy the requirements of ASTMC595.

In some embodiments, fillers and/or other additives are included toprovide one or more other benefits and advantages, either in addition toor in lieu of reducing permeability. For instance, one or more additiveslisted above can facilitate with fire protection, water protection,corrosion resistance/inhibition, workability, and/or one more otherproperties of the final cured product.

In some embodiments, fillers such as aggregate (e.g., coarse aggregate,intermediate aggregate, fine aggregate, etc.), clay, pumice or othervolcanic rock or material, sand, talc, other clay material, etc. arethere merely as fillers. Such materials can provide the mix and theresulting paste and cured product with the desired or required densityand structural properties.

According to some embodiments, the dry mixes or formulations disclosedherein do not contain Portland Cement and/or gypsum. In someembodiments, the pH of the mix (e.g., dry mix) and/or the resultingpaste and cured product is 8 to 11 (e.g., 8-11, 8-10, 8-9, 9-11, 9-10,8.5, 9.5, 8-9.5, 8.5-11. 8.5-10, ranges between the foregoing values,etc.). In some arrangements, the pH of the mix (e.g., dry mix) and/orthe resulting paste and cured product is 10 or above (e.g., 10, 11, 12,13, 10 to 11, 11 to 12, 12 to 13, above 13, 10 to 14, 10 to 13, 10 to12, 11 to 14, 11 to 13, 12 to 14, pH values between the foregoing rangesor values, etc.). Thus, in some embodiments, the mixes are suitable tobe used for applications that include rebar or other types ofreinforcing metals.

According to some embodiments, one or more characteristics or properties(e.g., structural, physical, etc.) of the paste or cured productresulting from using the various mixes and formulations disclosed hereinare similar (and/or even better or more preferred) than correspondingcharacteristics or properties of cured Portland cement mixes andformulations. For example, a curable paste that results from combiningany of the mixtures disclosed herein with water comprises a density thatis equal or substantially equal to the density of Portland cementpastes. In some embodiments, the density of the curable paste is 80% to120% of the density of Portland cement pastes.

Further, according to some embodiments, a curable paste that resultsfrom combining any of the mixtures disclosed herein with water comprisesa rate of leaching that is equal to substantially equal to a rate ofleaching of Portland cement pastes. In some embodiments, the rate ofleaching of the curable paste is 80% to 120% of the rate of leaching ofPortland cement pastes.

In addition, according to some embodiments, a curable paste that resultsfrom combining any of the mixtures disclosed herein with water comprisesa Poisson's Ratio that is equal to substantially equal to Poisson'sRatio of Portland cement pastes. In some embodiments, the Poisson'sRatio of the curable paste is 70% to 150% (e.g., 70%-150%, 70%-140%,70%-130%, 70%-120%, 70%-110%, 70%-100%, 70%-90%, 70%-80%, 80%-150%,80%-140%, 80%-130%, 80%-120%, 80%-110%, 80%-100%, 80%-90%, 90%-150%,90%-140%, 90%-130%, 90%-120%, 90%-110%, 90%-100%, 100%-150%, 100%-140%,100%-130%, 100%-120%, 100%-110%, 110%-150%, 110%-140%, 110%-130%,110%-120%, 120%-150%, 120%-140%, 120%-130%, 130%-150%, 130%-140%,140%-150%, 95%-105%, 85%-115%, 75%-125%, percentages between theforegoing ranges, etc.) of the Poisson's ratio of Portland cementpastes. In some embodiments, the Poission's Ratio of a curable pastethat results from combining any of the mixtures disclosed herein withwater is 0.15 to 0.30 (e.g., 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.20, 0.21,0.22, 0.23, 0.24, 0.25, 0.15-0.25, 0.15-0.20, 0.25-0.30, 0.20-0.25,0.20-0.27, 0.20-0.30, values between the foregoing values and ranges,etc.).

Also, according to some embodiments, a curable paste that results fromcombining any of the mixtures disclosed herein with water comprises amodulus of elasticity that is equal to substantially equal to themodulus of elasticity of Portland cement pastes. According to someembodiments, a curable paste that results from combining any of themixtures disclosed herein with water comprises a modulus of elasticitythat is equal to substantially equal to the modulus of elasticity ofPortland cement pastes. In some embodiments, the modulus of elasticityof the curable paste is 50% to 200% (e.g., 50-200, 50-190, 50-180,50-170, 50-160, 50-150, 50-140, 50-130, 50-120, 50-110, 50-100, 50-90,50-80, 50-70, 50-60, 60-200, 60-190, 60-180, 60-170, 60-160, 60-150,60-140, 60-130, 60-120, 60-110, 60-100, 60-90, 60-80, 60-70, 70-200,70-190, 70-180, 70-170, 70-160, 70-150, 70-140, 70-130, 70-120, 70-110,70-100, 70-90, 70-80, 80-200, 80-190, 80-180, 80-170, 80-160, 80-150,80-140, 80-130, 80-120, 80-110, 80-100, 80-90, 90-200, 90-190, 90-180,90-170, 90-160, 90-150, 90-140, 90-130, 90-120, 90-110, 90-100, 100-200,100-190, 100-180, 100-170, 100-160, 100-150, 100-140, 100-130, 100-120,100-110, 110-200, 110-190, 110-180, 110-170, 110-160, 110-150, 110-140,110-130, 110-120, 120-200, 120-190, 120-180, 120-170, 120-160, 120-150,120-140, 120-130, 130-200, 130-190, 130-180, 130-170, 130-160, 130-150,130-140, 140-200, 140-190, 140-180, 140-170, 140-160, 140-150, 150-200,150-190, 150-180, 150-170, 150-160, 160-200, 160-190, 160-180, 160-170,170-200, 170-190, 170-180, 180-200, 180-190, 190-200, 95-105, 85-115,75-125, 65-135, 55-145, values between the foregoing values and ranges,etc.) of the modulus of elasticity of Portland cement pastes. In someembodiments, the modulus of elasticity of a curable paste that resultsfrom combining any of the mixtures disclosed herein with water is 3(10⁶)to 5(10⁶) (e.g., 3(10⁶) to 5(10⁶), 3.0(10⁶) to 3.5(10⁶), 3.5(10⁶) to4.0(10⁶), 4.0(10⁶) to 4.5(10⁶), 4.5(10⁶) to 5.0(10⁶), 3(10⁶) to 4(10⁶),3.0(10⁶) to 4.5(10⁶), 3.5(10⁶) to 5.0(10⁶), 3.5(10⁶) to 4.5(10⁶),3.0(10⁶), 3.1(10⁶), 3.2(10⁶), 3.3(10⁶), 3.4(10⁶), 3.5(10⁶), 3.6(10⁶),3.7(10⁶), 3.8(10⁶), 3.9(10⁶), 4.0(10⁶), 4.1(10⁶), 20 4.2(10⁶), 4.3(10⁶),4.4(10⁶), 4.5(10⁶), 4.6(10⁶), 4.7(10⁶), 4.8(10⁶), 4.9(10⁶), 5.0(10⁶)psi, values between the foregoing values and ranges, etc.) psi.

As noted herein, the formulations or mixes disclosed herein, orequivalents thereof, can be used in one or more of the followingnon-limiting applications, industries and/or contexts: buildingconstruction both residential and commercial (e.g., used in columns,beams and other load-bearing members), walls and other constructionpanels (e.g., including non-load bearing members), airports, dams,levees, bridges, tunnels, harbors, refineries and other industrialsites, parking structures, roadways, tile and other flooring, sidewalks,pipes, channels, countertops and/or the like. Depending on final curedproduct's ability to not damage steel or other metals, one or more offormulations or mixes are suitable for use in applications tensilereinforcement is desired or required (e.g., to prevent or reduce thelikelihood of cracking, breaking and/or other compromising occurrence tothe cured product).

According to some embodiments, the 7-day strength of the mixture oncecombined with water and permitted to cure is at least 2000 psi (e.g.,2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2500, 2600, 2700, 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100,3200, 3300, 3400, 3500, 3600, 3700, 3800, 3900, 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500psi, greater than 5500 psi, etc.). In some arrangements, the 1-daystrength of the mixture once combined with water and permitted to cureis at least 1000 psi (e.g., 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600,1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, psi, greater than4500 psi, etc.).

Non-limiting embodiments of certain curable mixes are provided anddiscussed in greater detail below.

Mix A

According to some embodiments, a curable mix can comprise MgO, a primarycementitious component (e.g., slag cement, Class C fly ash) and MgCl₂and/or Mg(NO₃)2 as the primary accelerator. One example of such a mix isdetailed in Tables A1 and A2 below. As can be seen from Table A1, suchmixes can also include other types of accelerators and certain fillersand other additives.

As discussed above and illustrated in Table Al, the proportions of MgOand primary cementitious component (e.g., slag cement, Class C fly ash,etc.) in the formulation (e.g., the dry formulation before any waterand/or other liquid is added) can be relatively equal to one another.For example, the proportion of the primary cementitious component bypercentage of weight in the dry mix or formulation is 70% to 130% (e.g.,70%-130%, 80%-120%, 90%-110%, 95%-105%, values between the foregoingranges, etc.) of the proportion of MgO by percentage of weight in thedry mix or formulation.

As also noted above and indicated in Table Al, the formulation or mixcan comprise a combined MgO and primary cementitious component content,as a percentage by weight of the dry formulation or mix, that is 15% to50% (e.g., 15%-50%, 20%-40%, 25%-35%, 15%-20%, 15%-25%, 15%-30%,15%-35%, 15%-40%, 15%-45%, 20%-25%, 20%-30%, 20%-35%, 20%-40%, 20%-45%,20%-50%, 25%-30%, 25%-40%, 25%-50%, 30%-35%, 30%-40%, 30%-50%, otherpercentages between the foregoing ranges, etc.).

In some arrangements, as noted in Table Al, the proportion of MgCl₂and/or Mg(NO₃)₂, specifically in the form of MgC₂.6H₂O and/orMg(NO₃)₂.6HO, respectively, by percentage of weight in the dry mix orformulation is 80% to 120% (e.g., 80%-120%, 85%-120%, 90%-120%,90%-110%, 95%-105%, 98%-102%, 80%-100%, 85%-100%, 90%-100%, 95%-100%,80%-90%, 85%-95%, 100%-120%, 100%-115%, 100%-110%, 100%-105%, 105%-115%,105%-120%, values between the foregoing ranges, etc.) of the proportionof MgO by percentage of weight in the dry mix or formulation.

According to some embodiments, when the dry mix is combined with wateror another liquid, the resulting cured product comprises a 1-daystrength of at least 1000 psi (e.g., at least 1000 psi, at least 1500psi, at least 2000 psi, at least 2500 psi, at least 3000 psi, valuesgreater than 3000 psi, etc.).

According to some embodiments, when the dry mix is combined with wateror another liquid, the resulting cured product comprises a 7-daystrength of at least 3000 psi (e.g., at least 3000 psi, at least 3500psi, at least 4000 psi, at least 4500 psi, at least 5000 psi, valuesgreater than 5000 psi, etc.).

TABLE A1 Mix A-Composition Proportion Proportion (by weight of (byweight) dry mix) Component of dry mix relative to MgO MgO 20%-25%Primary cementitious 20%-25% 90%-110% component (e.g., slag cement,Class C fly ash) MgCl₂•6H₂O or 20%-30% 80%-120% Mg(NO₃)₂•6H₂O Otheraccelerators  0%-2%  0%-10% Fillers/Other additives 15%-35%

TABLE A2 Mix A-Properties of Cured Mix Property Value  1-day Strength(per ASTM >1000 psi C39 & ASTM C109)  7-day Strength (per ASTM >3000 psiC39 & ASTM C109) 28-day Strength (per ASTM >4000 psi C39 & ASTM C109)

Mix B

According to some embodiments, a curable mix can comprise MgO, a primarycementitious component (e.g., slag cement, Class C fly ash) and MgCl₂(and/or Mg(NO₃)₂) and MgSO₄ as the primary accelerators. One example ofsuch a mix is detailed in Tables B1 and B2 below. As can be seen fromTable B1, such mixes can also include other types of accelerators andcertain fillers and other additives. As can be seen from the table, insome embodiments, MgCl₂ (and/or Mg(NO₃)₂ can be completely eliminatedfrom such mixes.

In some arrangements, as noted in Table B1, the proportion of MgCl₂and/or Mg(NO₃)₂, specifically in the form of MgC₂.6H₂O and/orMg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O, respectively, by percentage of weight in the dry mix orformulation is 0% to 12% (e.g., 0%, 0%-12%, 1%-12%, 2%-12%, 2%-10%,2%-8%, 2%-6%, 2%-5%, 2%-4%, 2%-3%, 3%-12%, 3%-10%, 3%-8%, 3%-6%, 3%-5%,3%-4%, 5%-12%, 5%-10%, 6%-10%, 6%-8%, values between the foregoingranges, etc.) of the proportion of MgO by percentage of weight in thedry mix or formulation.

In addition, in some configurations, when the mix includes MgCl₂ and/orMg(NO₃)₂, as also noted in Table B1, the proportion of MgSO₄,specifically in the form of MgSO₄.7H₂O, by percentage of weight in thedry mix or formulation is 12% to 45% (e.g., 12%-45%, 12%-40%, 15%-45%,15%-40%, 15%-35%, 20%-45%, 20%-40%, 20%-35%, 25%-45%, 25%-40%, 25%-35%,25%-30%, 30%-45%, 30%-40%, 30%-35%, values between the foregoing ranges,etc.) of the proportion of MgO by percentage of weight in the dry mix orformulation.

As discussed above and illustrated in Table B1, the proportions of MgOand primary cementitious component (e.g., slag cement, Class C fly ash,etc.) in the formulation (e.g., the dry formulation before any waterand/or other liquid is added) can be relatively equal to one another.

For example, the proportion of the primary cementitious component bypercentage of weight in the dry mix or formulation is 70% to 130% (e.g.,70%-130%, 80%-120%, 90%-110%, 95%-105%, values between the foregoingranges, etc.) of the proportion of MgO by percentage of weight in thedry mix or formulation.

As also noted above and indicated in Table B1, the formulation or mixcan comprise a combined MgO and primary cementitious component content,as a percentage by weight of the dry formulation or mix, that is 40% to80% (e.g., 40%-80%, 40%-75%, 40%-70%, 40%-65%, 40%-60%, 40%-55%,40%-50%, 40%-45%, 45%-80%, 45%-75%, 45%-70%, 45%-65%, 45%-60%, 45%-55%,45%-50%, 50%-80%, 50%-75%, 50%-70%, 50%-65%, 50%-60%, 50%-55%, 1055%-80%, 55%-75%, 55%-70%, 55%-65%, 55%-60%, 60%-80%, 60%-75%, 60%-70%,60%-65%, 65%-80%, 65%-75%, 65%-70%, 70%-80%, 70%-75%, 75-80%,percentages between the foregoing ranges, etc.).

According to some embodiments, such mixes can be suitable for long-termcontact with reinforcing bar (rebar), mesh, other types of steel (beams,channels, rods, fasteners, etc.) and/or any other metal or materialsusceptible to corrosion.

For example, in some arrangements, the pH of the mix (e.g., dry mix)and/or the resulting paste and cured product is 8 to 11 (e.g., 8-11,8-10, 8-9, 9-11, 9-10, 8.5, 9.5, 8-9.5, 8.5-11. 8.5-10, ranges betweenthe foregoing values, etc.). In some arrangements, the pH of the mix(e.g., dry mix) and/or the resulting paste and cured product is 10 orabove (e.g., 10, 11, 12, 13, 10 to 11, 11 to 12, 12 to 13, above 13, 10to 14, 10 to 13, 10 to 12, 11 to 14, 11 to 13, 12 to 14, pH valuesbetween the foregoing ranges or values, etc.).

In some embodiments, the Mix B can include when non-magnesium basedaccelerators (e.g., SHMP). The content of such accelerators isrelatively small; however, such accelerators can greatly improve theresulting cured product (e.g., with respect to strength, cure timeand/or another property). For example, in some arrangements, the contentof such non-magnesium based accelerators in the mix is less than 2% byweight of the entire dry mixture (e.g., 0%-2%, 0.1%-2%, 0%-1%, 0.1%-1%,1%-2%, specific percentages between the foregoing ranges, etc.).

According to some embodiments, when the dry mix is combined with wateror another liquid, the resulting cured product comprises a 1-daystrength of at least 1000 psi (e.g., at least 1000 psi, at least 1500psi, at least 2000 psi, at least 2500 psi, at least 3000 psi, valuesgreater than 3000 psi, etc.).

According to some embodiments, when the dry mix is combined with wateror another liquid, the resulting cured product comprises a 7-daystrength of at least 3000 psi (e.g., at least 3000 psi, at least 3500psi, at least 4000 psi, at least 4500 psi, at least 5000 psi, valuesgreater than 5000 psi, etc.).

TABLE B1 Mix B-Composition Proportion Proportion (by weight of (byweight) dry mix) Component of dry mix relative to MgO MgO 25%-35%Primary cementitious 25%-35% 90%-110% component (e.g., slag cement,Class C fly ash) MgCl₂•6H₂O or  0%-3%  0%-12% Mg(NO₃)₂•6H₂O MgSO₄•7H₂O 3%-18% 12%-45% Other accelerators  0%-2%  0%-5% Fillers/Other additives10%-45%

TABLE B2 Mix B-Properties of Cured Mix Property Value  1-day Strength(per ASTM >1000 psi C39 & ASTM C109)  7-day Strength (per ASTM >3000 psiC39 & ASTM C109) 28-day Strength (per ASTM >4000 psi C39 & ASTM C109)

Mix C1

According to some embodiments, a curable mix can comprise MgO, a primarycementitious component (e.g., slag cement, Class C fly ash) and MgSO₄(e.g., as the primary accelerator). One example of such a mix isdetailed in Tables C1-1 and C1-2 below. As can be seen from Table C1-1,such mixes can also include other types of accelerators and certainfillers and other additives.

In some arrangements, as noted in Table C1-1, the proportion of MgSO4,specifically in the form of MgSO₄.7H₂O, by percentage of weight in thedry mix or formulation is 80% to 140% (e.g., 80%-140%, 80%-130%,80%-120%, 80%-110%, 85%-140%, 85%-130%, 85%-120%, 85%-110%, 90%-140%,90%-130%, 90%-120%, 90%-110%, 95%-105%, 98%-102%, 80%-100%, 85%-100%,90%-100%, 95%-100%, 80%-90%, 85%-95%, 100%-120%, 100%-115%, 100%-110%,100%-105%, 105%-115%, 105%-120%, 105-130%, 105-140%, values between theforegoing ranges, etc.) of the proportion of MgO by percentage of weightin the dry mix or formulation.

According to some embodiments, when the dry mix is combined with wateror another liquid, the resulting cured product comprises a 1-daystrength of at least 1000 psi (e.g., at least 1000 psi, at least 1500psi, at least 2000 psi, at least 2500 psi, at least 3000 psi, valuesgreater than 3000 psi, etc.).

According to some embodiments, when the dry mix is combined with wateror another liquid, the resulting cured product comprises a 7-daystrength of at least 3000 psi (e.g., at least 3000 psi, at least 3500psi, at least 4000 psi, at least 4500 psi, at least 5000 psi, valuesgreater than 5000 psi, etc.).

TABLE C1-1 Mix C1-Composition Proportion Proportion (by weight of (byweight) dry mix) Component of dry mix relative to MgO MgO 20%-30%Primary cementitious 20%-30% 90%-110% component (e.g., slag, Class C flyash) MgSO₄•7H₂O 20%-40% 80%-140% Other accelerators  0%-2%  0%-5%Fillers/Other additives 10%-35%

TABLE C1-2 Mix C1-Properties of Cured Mix Property Value  1-day Strength(per ASTM >1000 psi C39 & ASTM C109)  7-day Strength (per ASTM >3000 psiC39 & ASTM C109) 28-day Strength (per ASTM >4000 psi C39 & ASTM C109)

Mix C2

Another example of a curable mix that comprises MgO, a primarycementitious component (e.g., slag cement, Class C fly ash) and MgSO₄(e.g., as the primary accelerator) is detailed in Tables C2-1 and C2-2below. As can be seen from Table C2-1, such mixes can also include othertypes of accelerators and certain fillers and other additives.

In some arrangements, as noted in Table C2-1, the proportion of MgSO₄,specifically in the form of MgSO₄.7H₂O, by percentage of weight in thedry mix or formulation is 5% to 45% (e.g., 5%-45%, 5%-40%, 5%-35%,5%-30%, 5%-25%, 5%-20%, 5%-15%, 5%-10%, 10%-45%, 10%-40%, 10%-35%,10%-30%, 10%-25%, 10%-20%, 10%-15%, 20%-45%, 20%-40%, 20%-35%, 20%-30%,20%-25%, 25%-35%, 25%-30%, 30%-45%, 30%-40%, 30%-35%, values between theforegoing ranges, etc.) of the proportion of MgO by percentage of weightin the dry mix or formulation.

According to some embodiments, when the dry mix is combined with wateror another liquid, the resulting cured product comprises a 1-daystrength of at least 100 psi (e.g., at least 100 psi, at least 150 psi,at least 200 psi, at least 250 psi, at least 300 psi, at least 500 psi,at least 1000 psi, at least 2000 psi, values greater than 2000 psi,etc.).

According to some embodiments, when the dry mix is combined with wateror another liquid, the resulting cured product comprises a 7-daystrength of at least 2000 psi (e.g., at least 2000 psi, at least 2500psi, at least 3000 psi, at least 3500 psi, at least 4000 psi, valuesgreater than 4000 psi, etc.).

TABLE C2-1 Mix C2-Composition Proportion Proportion (by weight of (byweight) dry mix) Component of dry mix relative to MgO MgO 25%-50%Primary cementitious 25%-50% 90%-110% component (e.g., slag cement,Class C fly ash) MgSO₄•7H₂O  1%-20%  5%-45% Other accelerators  0%-5% 0%-10% Fillers/Other additives 10%-40%

TABLE C2-2 Mix C2-Properties of Cured Mix Property Value  1-day Strength(per ASTM  >100 psi C39 & ASTM C109)  7-day Strength (per ASTM >2000 psiC39 & ASTM C109) 28-day Strength (per ASTM >3000 psi C39 & ASTM C109)

As discussed above and illustrated in Tables C1-1 and C2-1, theproportions of MgO and primary cementitious component (e.g., slagcement, Class C fly ash, etc.) in the formulation (e.g., the dryformulation before any water and/or other liquid is added) can berelatively equal to one another. For example, the proportion of theprimary cementitious component by percentage of weight in the dry mix orformulation is 70% to 130% (e.g., 70%-130%, 80%-120%, 90%-110%,95%-105%, values between the foregoing ranges, etc.) of the proportionof MgO by percentage of weight in the dry mix or formulation.

As also noted above and indicated in Tables C1-1 and C2-1, theformulation or mix can comprise a combined MgO and primary cementitiouscomponent content, as a percentage by weight of the dry formulation ormix, that is 40% to 80% (e.g., 40%-80%, 40%-75%, 40%-70%, 40%-65%,40%-60%, 40%-55%, 40%-50%, 40%-45%, 45%-80%, 45%-75%, 45%-70%, 45%-65%,45%-60%, 45%-55%, 45%-50%, 50%-80%, 50%-75%, 50%-70%, 50%-65%, 50%-60%,50%-55%, 55%-80%, 55%-75%, 55%-70%, 55%-65%, 55%-60%, 60%-80%, 60%-75%,60%-70%, 60%-65%, 65%-80%, 65%-75%, 65%-70%, 70%-80%, 70%-75%, 75-80%,percentages between the foregoing ranges, etc.).

Mix D

According to some embodiments, a curable mix can comprise MgO, a primarycementitious component (e.g., slag cement, Class C fly ash) and MgCl₂(and/or Mg(NO₃)₂) and MgSO₄ as the primary accelerators. One example ofsuch a mix is detailed in Tables D1 and D2 below. As can be seen fromTable D1, such mixes can also include other types of accelerators andcertain fillers and other additives.

In some arrangements, as noted in Table D1, the proportion of MgCl₂and/or Mg(NO₃)₂, specifically in the form of MgC₂.6H₂O and/orMg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O, respectively, by percentage of weight in the dry mix orformulation is 1% to 30% (e.g., 0%, 0%-30%, 0%-25%, 0%-20%, 0%-15%,0%-10%, 0%-5%, 1%-30%, 1%-25%, 1%-20%, 1%-15%, 1%-10%, 1%-5%, 2%-30%,2%-25%, 2%-15%, 2%-12%, 2%-10%, 2%-8%, 2%-6%, 2%-5%, 2%-4%, 2%-3%,3%-30%, 3%, 25%, 3%, 15%, 3%-12%, 3%-10%, 3%-8%, 3%-6%, 3%-5%, 3%-4%,5%-30%, 5%-25%, 5%-20%, 5%-15%, 5%-12%, 5%-10%, 10%-30%, 10%-20%,15%-25%, 15%-30%, values between the foregoing ranges, etc.) of theproportion of MgO by percentage of weight in the dry mix or formulation.

In addition, in some configurations, as also noted in Table D1, theproportion of MgSO₄, specifically in the form of MgSO₄.7H20, bypercentage of weight in the dry mix or formulation is 15% to 50% (e.g.,15%-50%, 15%-45%, 15-40%, 15%-35%, 20%-50%, 20%-45%, 20%-40%, 20%-35%,25%-50%, 25-45%, 25%-40%, 25%-35%, 25%-30%, 30%-35%, values between theforegoing ranges, etc.) of the proportion of MgO by percentage of weightin the dry mix or formulation.

According to some embodiments, such mixes can be suitable for long-termcontact with reinforcing bar (rebar), mesh, other types of steel (beams,channels, rods, fasteners, etc.) and/or any other metal or materialsusceptible to corrosion when the MgCl₂, Mg(NO₃) and the MgSO₄ contentsin the mixes are below certain low thresholds. For example, such mixescan be suitable for long-term contact with rebar and the like as longthe proportion of MgSO₄, specifically in the form of MgSO₄.7H₂O, bypercentage of weight in the dry mix or formulation is less than 35%(e.g., less than 35%, 30%, 25% or 20%, between 15% and 35%, valuesbetween the foregoing ranges and values, etc.) of the proportion of MgOby percentage of weight in the dry mix or formulation.

In other embodiments, such mixes can be suitable for long-term contactwith rebar and the like as long the proportion of MgSO4, specifically inthe form of MgSO₄.7H₂O, by percentage of weight in the dry mix orformulation is less than 50% (e.g., less than 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%,25% or 20%, between 15% and 35%, values between the foregoing ranges andvalues, etc.) of the proportion of MgO by percentage of weight in thedry mix or formulation.

Also by way of example, such mixes can be suitable for long-term contactwith rebar and the like as long the proportion of MgCl₂, Mg(NO₃),specifically in the form of MgC₂.6H₂O and/or Mg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O,respectively, by percentage of weight in the dry mix or formulation isless than 12% (e.g., less than 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%,3%, between 2% and 12%, between 2% and 10%, between 2% and 7% valuesbetween the foregoing ranges and values, etc.) of the proportion of MgOby percentage of weight in the dry mix or formulation.

For example, in some arrangements, the pH of the mix (e.g., dry mix)and/or the resulting paste and cured product is 8 to 11 (e.g., 8-11,8-10, 8-9, 9-11, 9-10, 8.5, 9.5, 8-9.5, 8.5-11. 8.5-10, ranges betweenthe foregoing values, etc.). In some arrangements, the pH of the mix(e.g., dry mix) and/or the resulting paste and cured product is 10 orabove (e.g., 10, 11, 12, 13, 10 to 11, 11 to 12, 12 to 13, above 13, 10to 14, 10 to 13, 10 to 12, 11 to 14, 11 to 13, 12 to 14, pH valuesbetween the foregoing ranges or values, etc.).

In some embodiments, the Mix D can include when non-magnesium basedaccelerators (e.g., SHMP). For example, in some arrangements, thecontent of such non-magnesium based accelerators in the mix is less than4% by weight of the entire dry mixture (e.g., 0%-4%, 0.1%-4%, 0%-3%,0%-2%, 0%-1%, 0.1%-1%, 1%-2%, 0%-2%, 0.1%-2%, 0%-1%, 0.1%-1%, 1%-2%,specific percentages between the foregoing ranges, etc.).

As discussed above and illustrated in Table D1, the proportions of MgOand primary cementitious component (e.g., slag cement, Class C fly ash,etc.) in the formulation (e.g., the dry formulation before any waterand/or other liquid is added) can be relatively equal to one another.For example, the proportion of the primary cementitious component bypercentage of weight in the dry mix or formulation is 70% to 130% (e.g.,70%-130%, 80%-120%, 90%-110%, 95%-105%, values between the foregoingranges, etc.) of the proportion of MgO by percentage of weight in thedry mix or formulation.

As also noted above and indicated in Table D1, the formulation or mixcan comprise a combined MgO and primary cementitious component content,as a percentage by weight of the dry formulation or mix, that is 40% to80% (e.g., 40%-80%, 40%-75%, 40%-70%, 40%-65%, 40%-60%, 40%-55%,40%-50%, 40%-45%, 45%-80%, 45%-75%, 45%-70%, 45%-65%, 45%-60%, 45%-55%,45%-50%, 50%-80%, 50%-75%, 50%-70%, 50%-65%, 50%-60%, 50%-55%, 55%-80%,55%-75%, 55%-70%, 55%-65%, 55%-60%, 60%-80%, 60%-75%, 60%-70%, 60%-65%,65%-80%, 65%-75%, 65%-70%, 70%-80%, 70%-75%, 75-80%, percentages betweenthe foregoing ranges, etc.).

According to some embodiments, when the dry mix is combined with wateror another liquid, the resulting cured product comprises a 1-daystrength of at least 1000 psi (e.g., at least 1000 psi, at least 1500psi, at least 2000 psi, at least 2500 psi, at least 3000 psi, valuesgreater than 3000 psi, etc.).

According to some embodiments, when the dry mix is combined with wateror another liquid, the resulting cured product comprises a 7-daystrength of at least 3000 psi (e.g., at least 3000 psi, at least 3500psi, at least 4000 psi, at least 4500 psi, at least 5000 psi, valuesgreater than 5000 psi, etc.).

TABLE D1 Mix D-Composition Proportion Proportion (by weight of (byweight) dry mix) Component of dry mix relative to MgO MgO 25%-35%Primary cementitious 25%-35% 90%-110% component (e.g., slag cement,Class C fly ash) MgCl₂•6H₂O or  0%-10%  0%-30% Mg(NO₃)₂•6H₂O MgSO₄•7H₂O 4%-17% 15%-50% Other accelerators  0%-4%  0%-10% Fillers/Otheradditives 10%-45%

TABLE D2 Mix D-Properties of Cured Mix Property Value  1-day Strength(per ASTM >1000 psi C39 & ASTM C109)  7-day Strength (per ASTM >3000 psiC39 & ASTM C109) 28-day Strength (per ASTM >4000 psi C39 & ASTM C109)

Mix E

According to some embodiments, a curable mix can comprise MgO, a primarycementitious component (e.g., slag cement, Class C fly ash), MgSO₄ asthe primary accelerator and aggregate and/or other fillers. One exampleof such a mix is detailed in Tables E1 and E2 below. As can be seen fromTable E1, such mixes can also include other types of accelerators.

According to some arrangements, the proportion of MgO in the dry mixture(e.g., before the mixture is combined with water and/or another liquid)is 6% to 20% (e.g., 6%-20%, 10%-20%, 10%-15%, 15%-20%, 6%-15%, valuesbetween the foregoing ranges, etc.) of the dry mixture by weight.Likewise, in some arrangements, the proportion of slag in the drymixture (e.g., before the mixture is combined with water and/or anotherliquid) is 6% to 20% (e.g., 6%-20%, 10%-20%, 10%-15%, 15%-20%, 6%-15%,values between the foregoing ranges, etc.) of the dry mixture by weight.

As with other embodiments disclosed herein and indicated in Table E1,the proportion of a primary cementitious component (e.g., slag cement,Class C fly ash) by percentage of weight in the dry mix or formulationis 70% to 130% (e.g., 70%-130%, 80%-120%, 90%-110%, 95%-105%, 98%-102%,80%-100%, 85%100%, 90%-100%, 95%-100%, 80%-90%, 85%-95%, 100%-120%,100%-115%, 100%-110%, 100%-105%, 105%-115%, 105%-120%, values betweenthe foregoing ranges, etc.) of the proportion of MgO by percentage ofweight in the dry mix or formulation.

As also noted above and indicated in Table E1, the formulation or mixcan comprise a combined MgO and primary cementitious component content,as a percentage by weight of the dry formulation or mix, that is 10% to50% (e.g., 10%-50%, 10%-45%, 10%-40%, 10%-35%, 10%-30%, 10%-25%,10%-20%, 10%-15%, 15%-50%, 15%-45%, 15%-40%, 15%-35%, 15%-30%, 15%-25%,15%-20%, 20%-50%, 20%-45%, 20%-40%, 20%-35%, 20%-30%, 20%-25%, 25%-50%,25%-45%, 25%-40%, 25%-35%, 25%-30%, 30%-50%, 30%-45%, 30%-40%, 30%-35%,35%-50%, 35%-45%, 35%-40%, 40%-50%, 40%-45%, 45-50%, percentages betweenthe foregoing ranges, etc.).

In some arrangements, as noted in Table E1, the proportion of MgSO4,specifically in the form of MgSO₄.7H₂O, by percentage of weight in thedry mix or formulation is 25% to 45% (e.g., 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%,25%-45%, 30%-45%, 35%-45%, 40%-45%, 25%-40%, 30%-40%, 35%-40%, 25%-35%,30%-35%, percentage values between the foregoing values and ranges,etc.) of the proportion of MgO by percentage of weight in the dry mix orformulation.

In some arrangements, as noted in Table E1, a substantial portion of thedry mix is comprised of aggregate and/or other fillers or additives. Forexample, in some embodiments, the proportion of aggregate (and/or otherfillers or additives) by percentage of weight in the dry mix orformulation is 300% to 1000% (e.g., 300%, 350%, 400%, 450%, 500%, 550%,600%, 650%, 700%, 750%, 800%, 850%, 900%, 950%, 1000%, 300%-400%,300%-500%, 300%-600%, 300%-700%, 300%-800%, 300%-900%, 300%-1000%,400%-500%, 400%-600%, 400%-700%, 400%-800%, 400%-900%, 400%-1000%,500%-600%, 500%-700%, 500%-800%, 500%-900%, 500%-1000%, 600%-700%,600%-800%, 600%-900%, 600%-1000%, 700%-800%, 700%-900%, 700%-1000%,800%-900%, 800%-1000%, 900%-1000%, percentage values between theforegoing values and ranges, etc.) of the proportion of MgO bypercentage of weight in the dry mix or formulation.

In other arrangements, the proportion of aggregate (and/or other fillersor additives) by percentage of weight in the dry mix or formulation isgreater than 1000% (e.g., 1000%-1100%, 1000%-1200%, 1000%-1300%,1000%-1400%, 1000%-1500%, 1100%-1200%, 1100%-1300%, 1100%-1400%,1100-1500%, 1200%-1300%, 1200%-1400%, 1200%-1500%, 1300%-1400%,1300%-1500%, 1400%-1500%, greater than 1500%, percentage values betweenthe foregoing values and ranges, etc.) of the proportion of MgO bypercentage of weight in the dry mix or formulation.

According to some embodiments, when the dry mix is combined with wateror another liquid, the resulting cured product comprises a 1-daystrength of at least 1000 psi (e.g., at least 1000 psi, at least 1500psi, at least 2000 psi, at least 2500 psi, at least 3000 psi, valuesgreater than 3000 psi, etc.).

According to some embodiments, when the dry mix is combined with wateror another liquid, the resulting cured product comprises a 7-daystrength of at least 2000 psi (e.g., at least 2000 psi, at least 2500psi, at least 3000 psi, at least 3500 psi, at least 4000 psi, at least4500 psi, at least 5000 psi, values greater than 5000 psi, etc.).

TABLE E1 Mix E-Composition Proportion Proportion (by weight of (byweight) dry mix) Component of dry mix relative to MgO MgO  6%-20%Primary cementitious  6%-20%  90%-110% component (e.g., slag cement,Class C fly ash) MgSO₄•7H₂O  2%-8%  25%-45% Other accelerators (e.g., 0%-2%  0%-10% MgCl₂, Mg(NO₃)₂, etc.) Fillers/Other additives 40%-90%300%-1000%

TABLE A2 Mix E-Properties of Cured Mix Property Value  1-day Strength(per ASTM >1000 psi C39 & ASTM C109)  7-day Strength (per ASTM >2000 psiC39 & ASTM C109) 28-day Strength (per ASTM >3000 psi C39 & ASTM C109)

Mix F

According to some embodiments, a curable mix can comprise MgO and MgCl₂(and/or Mg(NO₃)₂) and MgSO4 as the primary accelerators. One example ofsuch a mix is detailed in

Tables F1 and F2 below. As can be seen from Table F1, such mixes canalso include other types of accelerators, slag and certain fillers andother additives.

In some arrangements, as noted in Table F1, the proportion of MgCl₂and/or Mg(NO₃)₂, specifically in the form of MgC₂.6H₂O and/orMg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O, respectively, by percentage of weight in the dry mix orformulation is 70% to 120% (e.g., 70%-120%, 75%-120%, 80%-120%,90%-120%, 90%-110%, 95%-105%, 98%-102%, 80%-100%, 85%-100%, 90%-100%,95%-100%, 80%-90%, 85%-95%, 100%-120%, 100%-115%, 100%-110%, 100%-105%,105%-115%, 105%-120%, values between the foregoing ranges, etc.) of theproportion of MgO by percentage of weight in the dry mix or formulation.

Further, as also illustrated in the embodiment represented in Table F₁,the proportion of fillers and/or other additives (e.g., aggregate) bypercentage of weight in the dry mix or formulation is 400% to 550%(e.g., 400%-550%, 400%-450%, 400%-500%, 450%-550%, 450%-550%, 500%-550%,400%-550%, values between the foregoing ranges, etc.) of the proportionof MgO by percentage of weight in the dry mix or formulation.

According to some embodiments, the curing time and short-term (e.g.,1-day, 7-day, etc.) compressive strength of cured products made fromsuch mixes is relatively high. For example, in some arrangements, theresulting cured products have a 1-day strength of at least 5500 psi(e.g., 5500, 5600, 5700, 5800, 5900, 6000, 6500, 7000 psi, greater than7000 psi, values between the foregoing, etc.). Moreover, in someembodiments, the resulting cured products have a 7-day strength of atleast 7000 psi (e.g., 7000, 7100, 7200, 7300, 7400, 7500, 7600, 7700,7800, 7900, 8000, 8500 psi, greater than 8500 psi, values between theforegoing, etc.). Moreover, in some embodiments,

TABLE F1 Mix F-Composition Proportion Proportion (by weight of (byweight) dry mix) Component of dry mix relative to MgO MgO 10%-20%MgCl₂•6H₂O or  6%-25%  70%-120% Mg(NO₃)₂•6H₂O Other accelerators  0%-2% 0%-5% Primary cementitious  0%-5%  0%-25% component (e.g., slag cement,Class C fly ash) Fillers/Other additives 45%-80% 400%-550%

TABLE F2 Mix F-Properties of Cured Mix Property Value 1-day Strength(per ASTM >5500 psi C39 & ASTM C109) 7-day Strength (per ASTM >7000 psiC39 & ASTM C109)

The mixes, formulations, systems, apparatuses, devices and/or otherarticles disclosed herein may be manufactured or otherwise formedthrough any suitable means. The various methods and techniques describedabove provide a number of ways to carry out the disclosed inventions. Ofcourse, it is to be understood that not necessarily all objectives oradvantages described may be achieved in accordance with any particularembodiment described herein. Thus, for example, those skilled in the artwill recognize that the methods may be performed in a manner thatachieves or optimizes one advantage or group of advantages as taughtherein without necessarily achieving other objectives or advantages asmay be taught or suggested herein.

Furthermore, the skilled artisan will recognize the interchangeabilityof various features from different embodiments disclosed herein.Similarly, the various features and steps discussed above, as well asother known equivalents for each such feature or step, can be mixed andmatched by one of ordinary skill in this art to perform methods inaccordance with principles described herein. Additionally, the methodswhich are described and illustrated herein are not limited to the exactsequence of acts described, nor are they necessarily limited to thepractice of all of the acts set forth. Other sequences of events oracts, or less than all of the events, or simultaneous occurrence of theevents, may be utilized in practicing the embodiments of the inventionsdisclosed herein.

Although several embodiments and examples are disclosed herein, thepresent application extends beyond the specifically disclosedembodiments to other alternative embodiments and/or uses of theinventions and modifications and equivalents thereof. It is alsocontemplated that various combinations or subcombinations of thespecific features and aspects of the embodiments may be made and stillfall within the scope of the inventions. Accordingly, it should beunderstood that various features and aspects of the disclosedembodiments can be combined with or substituted for one another in orderto form varying modes of the disclosed inventions. Thus, it is intendedthat the scope of the present inventions herein disclosed should not belimited by the particular disclosed embodiments described above, butshould be determined only by a fair reading of the claims that follow.

While the embodiments disclosed herein are susceptible to variousmodifications, and alternative forms, specific examples thereof havebeen shown in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It shouldbe understood, however, that the inventions are not to be limited to theparticular forms or methods disclosed, but, to the contrary, theinventions are to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternativesfalling within the spirit and scope of the various embodiments describedand the appended claims. Any methods disclosed herein need not beperformed in the order recited. The ranges disclosed herein alsoencompass any and all overlap, sub-ranges, and combinations thereof.Language such as “up to,” “at least,” “greater than,” “less than,”“between,” and the like includes the number recited. Numbers preceded bya term such as “about” or “approximately” include the recited numbers.For example, “about 10%” includes “10%.” Terms or phrases preceded by aterm such as “substantially” include the recited term or phrase. Forexample, “substantially parallel” includes “parallel.”

What is claimed is:
 1. A curable mixture configured to set in thepresence of water, the mixture comprising: magnesium oxide; a primarycementitious component; and at least one accelerant, wherein the atleast one accelerant comprises at least one of the following: magnesiumchloride, magnesium nitrate, and magnesium sulfate; wherein a proportionby weight of the primary cementitious component is 80% to 120% of aproportion of magnesium oxide by weight of the mixture; wherein a sum ofthe proportions of magnesium oxide and the primary cementitiouscomponent comprises at least 15% by weight of the mixture; wherein themixture does not include Portland cement; and wherein the 7-day strengthof the mixture once combined with water and permitted to cure is atleast 2000 psi.
 1. The mixture of claim 1, wherein a pH of a final curedproduct resulting from combining the mixture with water is greater than8.
 2. The mixture of claim 1, wherein the sum of the proportions ofmagnesium oxide and the primary cementitious component is 15% to 50% byweight of the mixture.
 3. The mixture of claim 1, wherein a proportionby weight of the at least one accelerant is 80% to 145% of theproportion of magnesium oxide by weight of the mixture.
 4. The mixtureof claim 1: wherein the at least one accelerant comprises magnesiumchloride in the form of MgC₂.6H₂O or magnesium nitrate in the form ofMg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O, wherein a proportion by weight of MgC₂.6H₂O orMg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O is 1% to 30% of the proportion of magnesium oxide byweight of the mixture; and wherein the at least one accelerant furthercomprises magnesium sulfate in the form of MgSO₄.7H₂O, wherein aproportion by weight of MgSO₄.7H₂O is 15% to 50% of the proportion ofmagnesium oxide by weight of the mixture.
 5. The mixture of claim 1,wherein the at least one accelerant does not comprise a phosphate-basedmaterial.
 6. The mixture of claim 1, wherein the at least one accelerantfurther comprises a phosphate-based accelerant, wherein a proportion byweight of the phosphate-based accelerant is 0.1% to 5% of the proportionof magnesium oxide by weight of the mixture.
 7. The mixture of claim 1,wherein the at least one accelerant comprises magnesium chloride in theform of MgCl₂. 6H₂O or magnesium nitrate in the form of Mg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O;wherein a proportion by weight of MgC₂.6H₂O or Mg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O is 80% to120% of the proportion of magnesium oxide by weight of the mixture. 8.The mixture of claim 1, wherein the at least one accelerant comprisesmagnesium sulfate in the form of MgSO₄. 7H₂O; wherein a proportion byweight of MgSO₄.7H₂O is 90% to 140% of the proportion of magnesium oxideby weight of the mixture.
 9. The mixture of claim 1, wherein the sum ofthe proportions of magnesium oxide and the primary cementitiouscomponent is 40% to 70% by weight of the mixture.
 10. The mixture ofclaim 1, wherein the proportion by weight of the primary cementitiouscomponent is 90% to 110% of the proportion of magnesium oxide by weightof the mixture.
 11. The mixture of claim 1, wherein the primarycementitious component comprises at least one of slag cement and Class Cfly ash.
 12. A curable mixture configured to set in the presence ofwater, the mixture comprising: magnesium oxide; a primary cementitiouscomponent; wherein a proportion by weight of the primary cementitiouscomponent is 80% to 120% of a proportion of magnesium oxide by weight ofthe mixture; and at least one accelerant, wherein the at least oneaccelerant comprises magnesium chloride in the form of MgC₂.6H₂O ormagnesium nitrate in the form of Mg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O; wherein a proportion byweight of MgC₂.6H₂O or Mg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O is 80% to 120% of the proportion ofmagnesium oxide by weight of the mixture; wherein the mixture does notinclude Portland cement; and wherein the 7-day strength of the mixtureonce combined with water and permitted to cure is at least 2000 psi. 13.e mixture of claim 13, wherein a pH of a final cured product resultingfrom combining the mixture with water is greater than
 8. 14. e mixtureof claim 13, wherein the sum of the proportions of magnesium oxide andthe primary cementitious component is 15% to 50% by weight of themixture.
 15. The mixture of claim 13, wherein the sum of the proportionsof magnesium oxide and the primary cementitious component is 40% to 70%by weight of the mixture.
 16. e mixture of claim 13: wherein the atleast one accelerant comprises magnesium chloride in the form ofMgC₂.6H₂O or magnesium nitrate in the form of Mg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O, wherein aproportion by weight of MgC₂.6H₂O or Mg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O is 1% to 30% of theproportion of magnesium oxide by weight of the mixture; and wherein theat least one accelerant further comprises magnesium sulfate in the formof MgSO₄.7H20, wherein a proportion by weight of MgSO₄.7H₂O is 15% to50% of the proportion of magnesium oxide by weight of the mixture. 17.The mixture of claim 13, wherein the at least one accelerant comprisesmagnesium chloride in the form of MgCl₂. 6H₂O or magnesium nitrate inthe form of Mg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O; wherein a proportion by weight of MgC₂.6H₂Oor Mg(NO₃)₂.6H₂O is 80% to 120% of the proportion of magnesium oxide byweight of the mixture.
 18. The mixture of claim 13, wherein the at leastone accelerant comprises magnesium sulfate in the form of MgSO₄. 7H₂O;wherein a proportion by weight of MgSO₄.7H₂O is 90% to 140% of theproportion of magnesium oxide by weight of the mixture.
 19. The mixtureof claim 13, wherein the primary cementitious component comprises atleast one of slag cement and Class C fly ash.